The goal of our project is to investigate the causes of and evaluate potential novel therapies for the neurobehavioral symptoms associated with chronic hyperphenylalaninemia in phenylketonuria (PKU), one of the most common inborn errors of metabolism detected through newborn screening. Many adolescents and adults with PKU struggle with adherence to recommended dietary therapy. Chronic hyperphenylalaninemia is frequently associated with anxiety, depression, and impaired executive function such as difficulties with concentration and short-term memory. Deficiency of the monoamine neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin, in brain has been implicated as a probable proximal cause of neurobehavioral difficulties in PKU. The proposed causes of dopamine and serotonin deficiencies include decreased brain content of L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan, the substrates for dopamine and serotonin synthesis respectively, and phenylalanine- mediated competitive inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate- limiting enzymes in the dopamine and serotonin synthetic pathways. Our overarching hypothesis is that restoration of brain dopamine and serotonin content will successfully ameliorate the neurobehavioral symptoms associated with chronic hyperphenylalaninemia. Our preliminary data document severe monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency in Pahenu2 mice, a model of human PKU, in association with a deficit in short-term memory as measured by a Morris Water Maze test. In our first specific aim, we will further define the behavioral phenotype of Pahenu2 mice and use molecular and biochemical methods to comprehensively evaluate amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism in brain.
The second aim of our project will focus upon evaluating the efficacy of several novel therapies in overcoming brain monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency and ameliorating behavioral abnormalities in the mice. The therapies to be evaluated individually and in combination will be large neutral amino acid (including L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan) supplementation to treat brain amino acid deficiencies, pharmacologic inhibition of tyrosine catabolism to raise brain tyrosine content, or administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan and L-DOPA to bypass TH and TPH and restore brain monoamine neurotransmitter synthesis. The outcomes will be compared to the effects of lowering blood and brain phenylalanine through dietary phenylalanine restriction or recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)- mediated liver-directed gene therapy. In the final aim of the project, we will investigate, using microdialysis methods, whether acute administration of (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the required cofactor for TH and TPH activity, can overcome phenylalanine-mediated competitive inhibition of these enzymes and restore dopamine and serotonin synthesis. Our goal is to thoroughly evaluate these novel therapeutic approaches in Pahenu2 mice and to choose specific interventions for a future clinical trial in humans with PKU.

Public Health Relevance

The overall goal of this project is to investigate the efficacy of potential novel pharmacologic approaches to the treatment of the neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, and attention deficit) associated with phenylketonuria (PKU), one of the most common inborn errors of metabolism detected through neonatal screening. We will utilize the Pahenu2 mouse, a model of human PKU, to investigate the causes of monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency in PKU brain and to evaluate the efficacy of several treatments that aim to restore neurotransmitter balance in brain. Our hypothesis is that one or more of these novel therapies will restore dopamine and serotonin content in brain of Pahenu2 mice and lead to observable improvement in their behavior.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01NS080866-04
Application #
8847414
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1)
Program Officer
Morris, Jill A
Project Start
2012-09-30
Project End
2016-07-14
Budget Start
2015-06-01
Budget End
2016-07-14
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Oregon Health and Science University
Department
Genetics
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
096997515
City
Portland
State
OR
Country
United States
Zip Code
97239
Scherer, Tanja; Allegri, Gabriella; Sarkissian, Christineh N et al. (2018) Tetrahydrobiopterin treatment reduces brain L-Phe but only partially improves serotonin in hyperphenylalaninemic ENU1/2 mice. J Inherit Metab Dis 41:709-718
Winn, Shelley R; Scherer, Tanja; Thöny, Beat et al. (2018) Blood phenylalanine reduction corrects CNS dopamine and serotonin deficiencies and partially improves behavioral performance in adult phenylketonuric mice. Mol Genet Metab 123:6-20
Grisch-Chan, Hiu Man; Schlegel, Andrea; Scherer, Tanja et al. (2017) Low-Dose Gene Therapy for Murine PKU Using Episomal Naked DNA Vectors Expressing PAH from Its Endogenous Liver Promoter. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 7:339-349
Winn, Shelley R; Scherer, Tanja; Thöny, Beat et al. (2016) High dose sapropterin dihydrochloride therapy improves monoamine neurotransmitter turnover in murine phenylketonuria (PKU). Mol Genet Metab 117:5-11
Harding, Cary O; Winn, Shelley R; Gibson, K Michael et al. (2014) Pharmacologic inhibition of L-tyrosine degradation ameliorates cerebral dopamine deficiency in murine phenylketonuria (PKU). J Inherit Metab Dis 37:735-43