Neural circuits are the fundamental functional units of the nervous system. A basic understanding of circuit function will provide an important basis for understanding how these circuits malfunction in neurological disorders. The study of neural circuits in small and relatively simple model animals such as C. elegans and Drosophila has many advantages, including genetic manipulability and amenability to optical techniques. Circuit analysis in these organisms has been buoyed by the recent development of 'optogenetic'methods for stimulating and inhibiting neural activity using light-sensitive ion channels and pumps [1]. Progress in optogenetics requires not only development and optimization of new opsin molecules but also new strategies and technologies for perturbing specific opsin-expressing neurons. In this project, we will develop optical and genetic methods for manipulating neural circuits with single- neuron resolution in freely moving C. elegans. This project extends previous work by Dr. Fang-Yen, in which machine vision algorithms and lasers patterned by a digital micromirror device (DMD) were used to achieve spatiotemporal control of neural activity in freely behaving worms [2]. This earlier system was limited to a spatial resolution of about 20-30 microns, which is insufficient to selectively illuminate single neurons in the animal's nerve ring (brain). In this project we will develop a next-generation system capable of resolving single neurons and subcellular features. We will approach this goal in three directions. First, we will develop instrumentation and machine vision algorithms to automatically image and track individual neurons and processes using fluorescence imaging. We will use a dual-magnification optical system to simultaneously track behavior of the entire worm and fluorescence in a smaller region. Second, we will design and implement predictive algorithms to illuminate tracked targets with compensation for the latency due to image processing and data transfer. This system will be designed with real-time feedback such that fine-tuning of its parameters can be done in an automated manner. Third, we will use our system, in combination with other methods, to elucidate the mechanisms of modulation of locomotory behaviors by dopaminergic and serotonergic circuits. By enabling, for the first time, the dynamic perturbation of individual or multiple neurons in a behaving animal, the technology we develop will become an important tool for the analysis of neural circuits, with numerous advantages compared with existing methods. In addition to improving our understanding of the circuit basis of behavior, these studies will help provide a circuit-level context for interpreting genetic mutants, for example in C. elegans models of synaptic transmission, neuronal development, and neurodegeneration. While the focus of this project is on C. elegans, we expect that our methods will be readily extensible to other model organisms. This project will be centered in Dr. Fang-Yen's laboratory but will draw on the expertise of several unpaid consultants at the University of Pennsylvania or nearby. These include Dr. David Raizen (Dept. of Neurology), an expert in C. elegans genetics and behavior, Dr. Brian Chow (Dept. of Bioengineering), an expert on optogenetic reagents, and Dr. Niels Ringstad (New York University), an expert in C. elegans genetics and neurotransmitter signaling.

Public Health Relevance

Neural circuits are the basic functional units of a nervous system. To understand how neural circuits in the brain function (or malfunction in neurological diseases) requires new technologies for investigating and manipulating brain activity. This project is devoted to developing new technologies for using light to analyze brain activity in the roundworm C. elegans, and applying them to understand signaling by serotonin and dopamine, two important neurotransmitters.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01NS084835-01
Application #
8559985
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (NOIT)
Program Officer
Talley, Edmund M
Project Start
2013-08-15
Project End
2018-05-31
Budget Start
2013-08-15
Budget End
2014-05-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$350,000
Indirect Cost
$131,250
Name
University of Pennsylvania
Department
Biomedical Engineering
Type
Schools of Engineering
DUNS #
042250712
City
Philadelphia
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
19104
McClanahan, Patrick D; Xu, Joyce H; Fang-Yen, Christopher (2017) Comparing Caenorhabditis elegans gentle and harsh touch response behavior using a multiplexed hydraulic microfluidic device. Integr Biol (Camb) 9:800-809
McCloskey, Richard J; Fouad, Anthony D; Churgin, Matthew A et al. (2017) Food responsiveness regulates episodic behavioral states in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurophysiol 117:1911-1934
Churgin, Matthew A; McCloskey, Richard J; Peters, Emily et al. (2017) Antagonistic Serotonergic and Octopaminergic Neural Circuits Mediate Food-Dependent Locomotory Behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurosci 37:7811-7823
Churgin, Matthew A; Jung, Sang-Kyu; Yu, Chih-Chieh et al. (2017) Longitudinal imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans in a microfabricated device reveals variation in behavioral decline during aging. Elife 6:
Fouad, Anthony D; Pu, Shelley H; Teng, Shelly et al. (2017) Quantitative Assessment of Fat Levels in Caenorhabditis elegans Using Dark Field Microscopy. G3 (Bethesda) 7:1811-1818
Trojanowski, Nicholas F; Raizen, David M; Fang-Yen, Christopher (2016) Pharyngeal pumping in Caenorhabditis elegans depends on tonic and phasic signaling from the nervous system. Sci Rep 6:22940
Bais, Swarna; Churgin, Matthew A; Fang-Yen, Christopher et al. (2015) Evidence for Novel Pharmacological Sensitivities of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels in Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0004295
Trojanowski, Nicholas F; Fang-Yen, Christopher (2015) Simultaneous Optogenetic Stimulation of Individual Pharyngeal Neurons and Monitoring of Feeding Behavior in Intact C. elegans. Methods Mol Biol 1327:105-19
Trojanowski, Nicholas F; Nelson, Matthew D; Flavell, Steven W et al. (2015) Distinct Mechanisms Underlie Quiescence during Two Caenorhabditis elegans Sleep-Like States. J Neurosci 35:14571-84
Trojanowski, Nicholas F; Padovan-Merhar, Olivia; Raizen, David M et al. (2014) Neural and genetic degeneracy underlies Caenorhabditis elegans feeding behavior. J Neurophysiol 112:951-61

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