Expanded hexanucleotide repeats in a non-coding region of C9orf72 are the most common genetic cause of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontal temporal degeneration (FTD) (C9-ALS/FTD). Many recent lines of evidence strongly suggest that pathogenesis is related to RNA toxicity, similar to a subset of other repeat expansion diseases. There are two, non-mutually exclusive mechanisms by which RNA- mediated toxicity is thought to occur: one is sequestration of nuclear RNA binding proteins, the hallmarks of which are RNA nuclear foci; and the other is translation of unconventional, repeat-associated non-ATG translation (RAN translation), the hallmarks of which are dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs). With either of these mechanisms, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that cause sequence-selective transcript degradation in the nucleus can be engineered to target the transcripts that are toxic and thus potentially provide therapy that is fundamental in pathogenesis. ASOs have already proven to be safe in humans in a clinical trial for SOD1 mutation-mediated ALS, are now in trial for spinal muscular atrophy, and are expected to enter trials next year for myotonic muscular dystrophy and Huntington's disease. Our ultimate long-term goal is ASO therapy development for C9-ALS/FTD patients. Recently, we and others have shown that expanded repeats in C9orf72 are bidirectionally transcribed in C9-ALS/FTD: the signature features of RNA nuclear foci and DPRs are generated from both sense and antisense strands. Thus, the critical next steps and the primary objectives for this proposal are to determine the relative contributions of each strand to pathogenesis and, in turn, to establish which targets and ASOs are the most critical for testing in patients. The research team and collaborators have in hand the preliminary data, the patient derived materials, the cellular and animal models, and the critical tools to determine this.
In Aim 1, we will calibrate ASOs targeting sense and antisense transcripts measuring transcript levels, foci and RAN-translated products in cell culture models and transgenic mice expressing human C9orf72 with ~450 hexanucleotide repeats.
In Aim 2, we will define the RNA signature in the transgenic mice using RNA-seq of the disease-relevant cell type, spinal motor neurons, which will be isolated by laser capture microdissection.
In Aim 3, we will quantitatively compare efficacy of ASOs targeting each strand to correct the RNA signature in the transgenic mice.
In Aim 4, we will define dose and duration effects of ASOs in transgenic mice. Upon completion of the projects, we will have determined whether one or both strands carrying the expansion are most critical for patient therapy and define a strategy for clinical trials.

Public Health Relevance

The most frequent genetic cause of two devastating neurodegenerative diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also called Lou Gehrig's disease) and frontotemporal degeneration, has recently been identified in the C9orf72 gene. Strong evidence supports that the mechanism by which the mutation causes the diseases is by toxicity of RNAs that are generated from them. New gene therapies can be brought to bear to target RNAs in highly selective manner. This grant seeks to identify how and where in the gene we should do this to treat patients. If successful, they will be brought forward to treat humans in clinical trials.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01NS088578-02
Application #
8846155
Study Section
Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND)
Program Officer
Gubitz, Amelie
Project Start
2014-07-01
Project End
2019-06-30
Budget Start
2015-07-01
Budget End
2016-06-30
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$428,588
Indirect Cost
$99,775
Name
University of California San Diego
Department
Neurosciences
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
804355790
City
La Jolla
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
92093
Saberi, Shahram; Stauffer, Jennifer E; Jiang, Jie et al. (2018) Sense-encoded poly-GR dipeptide repeat proteins correlate to neurodegeneration and uniquely co-localize with TDP-43 in dendrites of repeat-expanded C9orf72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 135:459-474
Jiang, Jie; Zhu, Qiang; Gendron, Tania F et al. (2016) Gain of Toxicity from ALS/FTD-Linked Repeat Expansions in C9ORF72 Is Alleviated by Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting GGGGCC-Containing RNAs. Neuron 90:535-50
Saberi, Shahram; Stauffer, Jennifer E; Schulte, Derek J et al. (2015) Neuropathology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Its Variants. Neurol Clin 33:855-76
Ravits, John (2014) Focality, stochasticity and neuroanatomic propagation in ALS pathogenesis. Exp Neurol 262 Pt B:121-6
Ling, Shuo-Chien; Polymenidou, Magdalini; Cleveland, Don W (2013) Converging mechanisms in ALS and FTD: disrupted RNA and protein homeostasis. Neuron 79:416-38
Lagier-Tourenne, Clotilde; Baughn, Michael; Rigo, Frank et al. (2013) Targeted degradation of sense and antisense C9orf72 RNA foci as therapy for ALS and frontotemporal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:E4530-9