The investigators propose to further develop and apply to occupational risk assessment a sophisticated, yet accessible mathematical model that closely mimics percutaneous penetration, tissue concentrations and clearance of chemicals in human skin in vivo. The working model, developed during the previous period of support, will be calibrated by means of new experiments and extended to include a wider range of chemicals. Initial development of a transient swelling and shrinkage model for skin decontamination and a thermodynamically-based model for interacting chemical mixtures will be undertaken. The skin decontamination model will be supported by human in vivo and in vitro studies with DEET. Single component, multicomponent and swelling models wll be used to interpret complex skin absorption phenomena found in occupational health practice. Model software will be packaged in a spreadsheet format to provide accessibility to the occupational health and safety/industrial hygiene communities. Key technical features in the skin absorption model include: (1) a hydration-dependent, microscopically-based model for stratum corneum permeability;(2) a dermal vascular model that allows accurate prediction of permeant concentrations and clearance in the viable skin layers;(3) quantitative estimation of the evaporation rates of volatile permeants;(4) incorporation of convective flow and surfactant and organic solvent effects for skin decontamination;(5) a detailed microscopic model for permeant transport in the epidermis;and (6) a thermodynamic activity-based model for interactions in chemical mixtures contacting the skin. The primary routes by which occupatational exposures occur are inhalation and dermal exposure (skin contact). Effective dermal risk assessment for workers involved with hazardous chemicals (solvents, pesticides, cleaning fluids, etc.) requires accurate methods for estimating exposure to and absorption of the chemical, and the probable biological response to this event. Evaluation of the potential effectiveness of washing for purposes of mitigating dermal risk is an essential part of this process. Completion of the proposed project will provide a significant improvement to current methods for estimating absorption of chemicals subsequent to dermal exposures in the workplace.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01OH007529-09
Application #
8094265
Study Section
Safety and Occupational Health Study Section (SOH)
Program Officer
Karr, Joan
Project Start
2002-09-01
Project End
2013-07-31
Budget Start
2011-09-01
Budget End
2013-07-31
Support Year
9
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$367,202
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Cincinnati
Department
Pharmacology
Type
Schools of Pharmacy
DUNS #
041064767
City
Cincinnati
State
OH
Country
United States
Zip Code
45221
Li, Xin; Johnson, Robert; Kasting, Gerald B (2016) On the Variation of Water Diffusion Coefficient in Stratum Corneum With Water Content. J Pharm Sci 105:1141-7
Gajjar, Rachna M; Kasting, Gerald B (2014) Absorption of ethanol, acetone, benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane through human skin in vitro: a test of diffusion model predictions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 281:109-17
La Count, Terri D; Kasting, Gerald B (2013) Human skin is permselective for the small, monovalent cations sodium and potassium but not for nickel and chromium. J Pharm Sci 102:2241-53
Gajjar, Rachna M; Miller, Matthew A; Kasting, Gerald B (2013) Evaporation of volatile organic compounds from human skin in vitro. Ann Occup Hyg 57:853-65
Dancik, Yuri; Miller, Matthew A; Jaworska, Joanna et al. (2013) Design and performance of a spreadsheet-based model for estimating bioavailability of chemicals from dermal exposure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65:221-36
Ibrahim, Rania; Nitsche, Johannes M; Kasting, Gerald B (2012) Dermal clearance model for epidermal bioavailability calculations. J Pharm Sci 101:2094-108
Ibrahim, Rania; Kasting, Gerald B (2012) Partitioning and diffusion of parathion in human dermis. Int J Pharm 435:33-7
Kissel, John C (2011) The mismeasure of dermal absorption. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 21:302-9
Miller, Matthew A; Kasting, Gerald B (2010) Toward a better understanding of pesticide dermal absorption: diffusion model analysis of parathion absorption in vitro and in vivo. J Toxicol Environ Health A 73:284-300
Kasting, Gerald B; Miller, Matthew A; Bhatt, Varsha D (2008) A spreadsheet-based method for estimating the skin disposition of volatile compounds: application to N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). J Occup Environ Hyg 5:633-44

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