Artemisinin (AN), produced by the plant Artemisia annua L. and delivered as ACT (Artemisinin Combination Therapy), is a proven sesquiterpene lactone therapeutic for treating malaria and shows promise against many other diseases. This important medicinal herb is also becoming of interest to the N. American market, particularly to promote general health and healing via its anti-inflammatory effects. Recently we reported that whole plant A. annua (pACT) is at least fivefold more effective against parasitemia, >40-fold more bioavailable, and much more resilient to development of drug resistance than pure AN. Together these results suggest the native chemical complexity of pACT is facilitating these responses. Some endogenous small molecules produced by the plant have shown antiplasmodial activity;some also show therapeutic synergism with AN vs. falciparum malaria. However, little is known about the effect of these assistive compounds (ACs), mainly flavonoids and terpenes, on bioavailability of AN. Their passage through the intestinal wall into the serum is also not clear. Our fundamental studies will help explain how the plant matrix and its endogenous small molecules affect bioavailability of AN, important to improving overall understanding of pACT efficacy.
Aim 1 The target ACs, verified to be present in the A. annua cultivar (SAM) used in pACT, may enhance bioavailability of AN as observed in our animal studies. To determine if the ACs enhance transport through the intestinal wall, we will use the in vitro digestion model, Caco-2, with pure AN + combinations of the pure test ACs to measure AN and AC permeability. This will tell us how the pure ACs affect AN intestinal passage and indicate if any of the ACs also pass through the intestinal wall, but absent the background plant matrix.
Aim 2 To determine how the plant matrix of pACT affects bioavailability of AN, we will measure the Caco-2 permeability of AN from ex vitro intestinal digestion of the pACT plant matrix produced from SAM (contains ACs). We will also measure the level of passaged ACs. This tells us how much AN and ACs move from the apical to basolateral side of the Caco-2 systems and becomes our comparative control against which results of Aim 3 will be measured.
Aim 3 Using intestinal digestate of the GLS plant matrix we will systematically add AN along with individual ACs known to be absent (or nearly so) in GLS, but present in SAM (the pACT plant), to determine which is effective in improving the passage of AN. This will tell us which of the ACs is effective in assisting the passage of AN, but with a null plant matrix.
Aim 4 Using serum already on hand from pACT-fed mice, we will also extract and measure ACs for their presence in the bloodstream. We already have on hand frozen serum extracts from our recent PK experiment (see Sec. 3.3.3). While we have now measured AN in those extracts, we have waited until we have accumulated relavant AC standards to quantify their levels in these serum samples. This will tell us if any ACs actually appears in the serum.

Public Health Relevance

Artemisinin (AN), from the plant Artemisia annua (sweet annie), is a proven therapy for treating malaria and many other diseases;the plant also has anti-inflammatory effects. We have shown that consumption of the dried leaves of the plant (pACT) is at least five times more effective than the pure drug in reducing the parasite in malaria-infected mice, and that use of the whole plant prevents resistance from emerging. In the plant there are other compounds, which have been poorly studied, but play an apparent role in both therapy and bioavailability of AN and we aim to study the bioavailability of those compounds and their effect on bioavailability of AN.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Center for Complementary & Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
Type
Academic Research Enhancement Awards (AREA) (R15)
Project #
1R15AT008277-01
Application #
8689557
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZAT1)
Program Officer
Williamson, John S
Project Start
2014-06-01
Project End
2017-05-31
Budget Start
2014-06-01
Budget End
2017-05-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Department
Biology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
City
Worcester
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
01609
Desrosiers, Matthew R; Weathers, Pamela J (2018) Artemisinin permeability via Caco-2 cells increases after simulated digestion of Artemisia annua leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 210:254-259
Daddy, Nsengiyumva Bati; Kalisya, Luc Malemo; Bagire, Pascal Gisenya et al. (2017) Artemisia annua dried leaf tablets treated malaria resistant to ACT and i.v. artesunate: Case reports. Phytomedicine 32:37-40
Desrosiers, Matthew R; Weathers, Pamela J (2016) Effect of leaf digestion and artemisinin solubility for use in oral consumption of dried Artemisia annua leaves to treat malaria. J Ethnopharmacol 190:313-8
Towler, Melissa J; Weathers, Pamela J (2015) Variations in key artemisinic and other metabolites throughout plant development in Artemisia annua L. for potential therapeutic use. Ind Crops Prod 67:185-191
Elfawal, Mostafa A; Towler, Melissa J; Reich, Nicholas G et al. (2015) Dried whole-plant Artemisia annua slows evolution of malaria drug resistance and overcomes resistance to artemisinin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:821-6
Weathers, Pamela J; Towler, Melissa; Hassanali, Ahmed et al. (2014) Dried-leaf Artemisia annua: A practical malaria therapeutic for developing countries? World J Pharmacol 3:39-55
Weathers, Pamela J; Towler, Melissa J (2014) Changes in key constituents of clonally propagated Artemisia annua L. during preparation of compressed leaf tablets for possible therapeutic use. Ind Crops Prod 62:173-178