Clostridium difficile, the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea, is responsible for 250,000 infections and 14,000 deaths each year in the United States alone. Much of the pathology associated with C. difficile infections is caused by two major toxins, TcdA and TcdB. Multiple studies have demonstrated the critical role TcdA and TcdB play in causing C. difficile infections. Previous studies have established that expression of the toxins is induced in response to nutrient limitation. Moreover, several factors that mediate this response have been identified, including an alternative sigma factor (TcdR), a global regulator that responds to GTP and branched chain amino acids (CodY), and a global regulator that responds to easily metabolized carbon sources like glucose (CcpA). Here we describe the use of single cell analysis to monitor expression of the toxin genes in C. difficile. We fused the gene for a red fluorescent protein (RFP) to the promoter for toxin A, which allowed us to monitor toxin expres- sion in single cells by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Surprisingly, tcdA-rfp expression appears to be ?bistable.? In stationary phase, when toxin expression is highest, about 30% of the cells are ?TcdA-ON? and the mean fluorescence intensity of these cells is ~50 fold higher than in the ?TcdA- OFF? population. We find that bistability is dependent upon the levels of TcdR. These findings raise several important questions: How is bistability controlled? Are other genes regulated in a bistable man- ner? What is the biological significance of this phenotypic diversity? Here we propose to address the first two questions by (a) testing the hypothesis that bistable expression of toxin production is mediated by global regulators of gene expression controlling levels of TcdR and (b) identifying genes co-regulated with tcdA. Achieving the aims of this proposal will lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which toxin gene expression is controlled in C. difficile at the level of the single cell.

Public Health Relevance

The rapid emergence and spread of Clostridium difficile in hospitals and nursing homes presents a large and urgent threat to human health. Much of the pathology caused by C. difficile is due to the production of two large toxins. Our studies of how toxin production is regulated are relevant to public health because they might lead to new ways to combat C. difficile infections.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Exploratory/Developmental Grants (R21)
Project #
1R21AI121576-01A1
Application #
9180099
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-IDM-B (81)S)
Program Officer
Ranallo, Ryan
Project Start
2016-06-01
Project End
2018-05-31
Budget Start
2016-06-01
Budget End
2017-05-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
$189,317
Indirect Cost
$64,317
Name
University of Iowa
Department
Microbiology/Immun/Virology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
062761671
City
Iowa City
State
IA
Country
United States
Zip Code
52246
Ransom, Eric M; Kaus, Gabriela M; Tran, Phuong M et al. (2018) Multiple factors contribute to bimodal toxin gene expression in Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile. Mol Microbiol 110:533-549