The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of prescription opioid analgesic use (OAU) on the risks of depression, depression relapse and treatment resistant depression (TRD). The study approach is designed to establish the strongest evidence that OAU causes these depression outcomes independent of the known association between chronic pain and depression. Opioid analgesics are the most frequently prescribed medication in the US and in each state, with the total number of prescriptions exceeding 130 million annually. This represents a 10-fold increase in OAU since 1990, a period during which the number of outpatient visits for conditions associated with chronic pain remained relatively stable. OAU has recognized adverse effects on physical and emotional functioning and our preliminary studies reveal patients using opioids for >180 days are at increased risk of depression, compared to those who use <90 days. This effect remained evident even after controlling for the reason for which the drug is prescribed, i.e. chronic pain. Veterans Administration (VA) electronic medical record data spanning 14 years provides information to establish temporal precedence relative to OAU, depression, relapse and TRD and provides measures of relevant covariates. We will compare results in a demographically distinct, nationally representative data base from a cohort of privately insured enrollees in United Healthcare (UHC). In each data base we will test hypotheses after correcting for the OAU- pain-depression confound by using instrumental variable methods to control for unmeasured confounding and propensity scores to balance the distribution of covariates across duration and dose of OAU. Cox proportional hazard models will then be computed and will account for the persistence of pain to demonstrate chronic OAU independently leads to new episode depression, relapse and TRD. Analysis will begin by creating a cohort of 500,000 unique VA patients with medical record data from 1999-2012. For the first aim, the cohort of patients will be free of depression and free of OAU for two years prior to baseline (2001). In this cohort we will determine the OAU duration and dose associated with increased risk of a new episode of depression.
For aim 2, the cohort of patients will be free of OAU for two years and have a diagnosis of depression in the year prior to baseline. In this cohort we will determine whether OAU duration and dose increases the risk of relapse in patients who experience a period of remission and contributes to TRD.
For aim 3, we will determine if findings differ in a non-VA patient population and, if so, identify patient characteristics that explain differences. Results wll have an immediate impact on determining the previously unmeasured public health burden of depression, relapse and TRD that may be occurring due to an exponential increase in opioid prescribing in the United States. This R21 will lead to a prospective cohort study to characterize lifetime depression histories and symptom level change in OAU associated depression and culminate in clinical trials of antidepressant therapy to reduce risk of depression for patients requiring opioid analgesics.

Public Health Relevance

The study is focused on determining if prescription opioid analgesic use (OAU) contributes to new episodes of depression, independent of pain. Although OAU side effects include depression-like symptoms such as lethargy, difficulty concentrating and apathy, it is not known if OAU leads to diagnosable depression. Nor is it known whether longer OAU duration or higher dose is associated with increasing risk of a new episode, relapse and treatment resistance. This proposal provides scientific evidence revealing previously under- recognized adverse effects of OAU on depression. The increase in opioid prescribing since 1990 may be leading to increases in depression. Both OAU and rising depression are significant public health problems.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Exploratory/Developmental Grants (R21)
Project #
1R21MH101389-01A1
Application #
8700918
Study Section
Behavioral Genetics and Epidemiology Study Section (BGES)
Program Officer
Rubio, Mercedes
Project Start
2014-03-01
Project End
2016-02-29
Budget Start
2014-03-01
Budget End
2015-02-28
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$202,188
Indirect Cost
$66,011
Name
Saint Louis University
Department
Public Health & Prev Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
050220722
City
Saint Louis
State
MO
Country
United States
Zip Code
63103
Salas, Joanne; Scherrer, Jeffrey F; Ahmedani, Brian K et al. (2018) Gender and the Association between Long-Term Prescription Opioid Use and New-Onset Depression. J Pain 19:88-98
Scherrer, Jeffrey F; Salas, Joanne; Sullivan, Mark D et al. (2018) Impact of adherence to antidepressants on long-term prescription opioid use cessation. Br J Psychiatry 212:103-111
Scherrer, Jeffrey F; Salas, Joanne; Schneider, F David et al. (2017) Characteristics of new depression diagnoses in patients with and without prior chronic opioid use. J Affect Disord 210:125-129
Salas, Joanne; Scherrer, Jeffrey F; Schneider, Frank David et al. (2017) New-onset depression following stable, slow, and rapid rate of prescription opioid dose escalation. Pain 158:306-312
Scherrer, Jeffrey F; Salas, Joanne; Copeland, Laurel A et al. (2016) Response to Ruan etĀ al. Letter to the Editor: Increased Risk of Depression Recurrence After Initiation of Prescription Opioids inĀ Noncancer Pain Patients. J Pain 17:946-7
Scherrer, Jeffrey F; Salas, Joanne; Bucholz, Kathleen K et al. (2016) New depression diagnosis following prescription of codeine, hydrocodone or oxycodone. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 25:560-8
Scherrer, Jeffrey F; Salas, Joanne; Sullivan, Mark D et al. (2016) The influence of prescription opioid use duration and dose on development of treatment resistant depression. Prev Med 91:110-116
Scherrer, Jeffrey F; Salas, Joanne; Copeland, Laurel A et al. (2016) Increased Risk of Depression Recurrence After Initiation of Prescription Opioids in Noncancer Pain Patients. J Pain 17:473-82
Scherrer, Jeffrey F; Salas, Joanne; Copeland, Laurel A et al. (2016) Prescription Opioid Duration, Dose, and Increased Risk of Depression in 3 Large Patient Populations. Ann Fam Med 14:54-62