Progesterone (P4) is an essential hormone that elicits its actions at each level of the reproductive axis. In the uterus, P4 attenuates estradiol-induced epithelial cell proliferation and facilitates cellular differentiation in preparation for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. In the ovary, P4 acts directly on granulosa cells to inhibit mitosis and apoptosis despite these cells lacking expression of the classical progesterone receptor (PGR; i.e., PRA and PRB). P4 also promotes the viability and steroidogenic potential of luteal cells and stimulates both its own secretion and cholesterol synthesis. Many of the actions of P4 within the ovary and uterus are mediated by the PGR. However, not all of the actions of P4 can be explained by activation of PGR, since a number of cell lines that do not express this receptors, as well as Pgr null mice, are able to respond to P4. Our recent in vitro studies of ovarian and uterine cells have revealed that some actions of P4 such as granulosa/luteal cell viability, P4 synthesis and uterine stromal cell differentiation are mediated in part through the P4 binding protein, Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component-1 (PGRMC1). Through the use of conditional mutagenesis, we have established that Pgrmc1 is essential for normal fertility in that female mice lacking PGRMC1 display a subfertility phenotype and undergo premature ovarian failure (POF). This phenotype is also observed in some women where lower Pgrmc1 expression and haploinsufficiency associate with POF and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Pgrmc1 conditional KO (cKO) females also have uterine hyperplasia and develop both uterine and ovarian cysts. There is mounting evidence that PGRMC2 also plays an important role in female reproduction in that decreased PGRMC2 associates with advanced endometriosis in a primate model and may serve as a marker for the onset of parturition. These cumulative studies along with numerous in vitro studies clearly demonstrate that PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 play important and clinically relevant roles in regulating uterine and ovarian functions and that alteration in their expression results in the manifestation of disease states in the female reproductive system. In this grant we will now test our hypothesis that Pgrmc2 plays a fundamental role in uterine and ovarian physiology through the use of Pgrmc2 cKO mice. We also propose to assess fertility in female mice that are deficient in both Pgrmc1 and Pgrmc2 (double cKO mice). Breeding trials will initially be completed to determine fertility status of cKO mice. Other parameters to be evaluated in Aim 1 include uterine decidualization, ovulation, ovarian steroidogenesis, oocyte quality, and embryo implantation.
In Aim 2, we will evaluate the importance of Pgrmc2 in mediating the anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic actions of P4 in the ovary, as well as in the estrogen stimulated uterus. Finally, it is clear from studies of PGR mutant mice that PGR is not the sole mediator of P4-induced gene transcription.
In Aim 2, we plan to also evaluate P4-induced transcriptional responses in the uterus and ovary of Pgrmc1/2 double cKO mice using RNA-seq. The successful completion of the proposed studies will provide compelling evident to support a role for PGRMC2 in female reproductive physiology. Establishing PGRMC2 as a mediator of specific uterine and ovarian functions will allow for the development of a new and selective class of P4 antagonists/agonists that target the PGRMC family.

Public Health Relevance

Progesterone (P4) is an essential hormone for female reproduction. Most studies of P4 action have centered on the classical P4 receptor (PGR). However, not all of the actions of P4 can be accounted for by PGR, since cells that completely lack PGR still respond to P4. Our recent in vitro studies of uterine and ovarian cells have revealed that some actions of P4 such as granulosa/luteal cell viability, P4 synthesis and uterine stromal cell differentiation are mediated in part through the P4 binding protein, Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component-1 (PGRMC1). By evaluating PGRMC1 function in conditional knockout mice, our labs have also established the PGRMC1 plays important roles in uterine and ovarian biology. In this grant we now focus our efforts on evaluating the functional requirement of PGRMC2 for female fertility using a conditional mutagenesis strategy. Our studies will evaluate the effects of eliminating PGRMC2 on: 1) female fertility; 2) uterine function; and 3) ovarian function. Successful completion of the proposed studies could lead to the development of a new class of P4 antagonists and agonists for the treatment of human infertility and potentially gynecological cancers.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Office of The Director, National Institutes of Health (OD)
Type
Exploratory/Developmental Grants (R21)
Project #
5R21OD016564-02
Application #
8843060
Study Section
Integrative and Clinical Endocrinology and Reproduction Study Section (ICER)
Program Officer
Moro, Manuel H
Project Start
2014-05-01
Project End
2016-02-29
Budget Start
2015-03-01
Budget End
2016-02-29
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$265,660
Indirect Cost
$46,480
Name
Washington State University
Department
Veterinary Sciences
Type
Schools of Earth Sciences/Natur
DUNS #
041485301
City
Pullman
State
WA
Country
United States
Zip Code
99164
McCallum, Melissa L; Pru, Cindy A; Smith, Andrea R et al. (2018) A functional role for AMPK in female fertility and endometrial regeneration Reproduction :
Clark, N C; Pru, C A; Pru, J K (2017) Novel Regulators of Hemodynamics in the Pregnant Uterus. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 145:181-216
Clark, Nicole C; Pru, Cindy A; Yee, Siu-Pok et al. (2017) Conditional Ablation of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 2 Causes Female Premature Reproductive Senescence. Endocrinology 158:640-651
Clark, Nicole C; Friel, Anne M; Pru, Cindy A et al. (2016) Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 promotes survival of human breast cancer cells and the growth of xenograft tumors. Cancer Biol Ther 17:262-71
McCallum, Melissa L; Pru, Cindy A; Niikura, Yuichi et al. (2016) Conditional Ablation of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 Results in Subfertility in the Female and Development of Endometrial Cysts. Endocrinology 157:3309-19
Friel, Anne M; Zhang, Ling; Pru, Cindy A et al. (2015) Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 deficiency attenuates growth while promoting chemosensitivity of human endometrial xenograft tumors. Cancer Lett 356:434-42
Peluso, John J; Pru, James K (2014) Non-canonical progesterone signaling in granulosa cell function. Reproduction 147:R169-78