Despite the potential for anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to ensure maternal health and reduce vertical HIV transmission to as low as 1%, HIV-related maternal deaths and HIV infection among infants remain unacceptably high across sub-Saharan Africa. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) requires a complex series of interventions throughout pregnancy and after birth, and only an estimated 15-30% of eligible women complete this PMTCT cascade. Drop-offs can occur in the PMTCT cascade if women refuse HIV testing, do not disclose their HIV status, or avoid essential health services because they fear negative consequences for their relationship with their male partner. Engaging both partners of a couple during pregnancy has the potential to enhance health decisions, increase healthcare utilization, and ultimately improve maternal, paternal, and infant health. The goal of this study is to develop and pilot a home-based couples intervention that includes safe HIV testing and disclosure for couples, alongside information and counseling for family health during the perinatal period. We will adapt existing evidence-based Couples HIV Counseling and Testing (CHCT) protocols for the special needs of pregnant women and their male partners, and train pairs of lay health workers (one female and one male) to deliver this service as part of home visits in rural Kenya. As men rarely attend antenatal clinics in Kenya, a home-based strategy can reach the couple in a safe and convenient space and give them unprecedented access to family health information, CHCT services, and linkage to care. This intervention, based on an interdependence model of communal coping and behavior change, is expected to help couples to communicate, plan, and take action around HIV and family health. Building on our team's preliminary studies in this rural Kenyan setting, we propose to collect further formative data and then translate our findings into a viable intervention model with input from local stakeholders. We will then conduct a pilot study of the home-based couples intervention, in which we will randomize pregnant women at two antenatal clinics to the intervention or standard care arms of the study, and follow them and their male partners until three months after the expected delivery date of the baby. We will preliminarily assess the effects of the intervention on uptake of CHCT by couples, repeat HIV testing during pregnancy for HIV- negative women, and utilization of PMTCT and HIV services for HIV-positive women and men. We will also explore the roles of potential mediators for these effects suggested by our interdependence conceptual framework (such as measures of couple relationship dynamics). Results from this study will provide evidence of the preliminary impact, acceptability, and feasibility of the intervention and the study methods, that will allow our team to develop a larger-scale efficacy trial. Engaging pregnant couples in family health and PMTCT is an essential step towards reducing HIV-related maternal mortality and eliminating new HIV infections among children in sub-Saharan Africa.

Public Health Relevance

This research will contribute to public health efforts to improve the health of pregnant women, their male partners, and infants in low-resource settings by developing and piloting a home-based intervention to increase couple HIV counseling and testing and mutual disclosure. Such efforts to engage both members of the couple in support of family health will have important implications for uptake of HIV prevention and treatment, as well as for maternal, paternal, and child health. This research has the potential to make important contributions towards reducing some of the most significant public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa, including mother-to-child transmission of HIV; maternal, paternal, and infant mortality; and transmission of HIV in serodiscordant couples.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Planning Grant (R34)
Project #
5R34MH102103-03
Application #
9034670
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZMH1)
Program Officer
Allison, Susannah
Project Start
2014-05-01
Project End
2017-03-31
Budget Start
2016-04-01
Budget End
2017-03-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Alabama Birmingham
Department
Other Health Professions
Type
Schools of Public Health
DUNS #
063690705
City
Birmingham
State
AL
Country
United States
Zip Code
35294
Turan, Janet M; Darbes, Lynae A; Musoke, Pamela L et al. (2018) Development and Piloting of a Home-Based Couples Intervention During Pregnancy and Postpartum in Southwestern Kenya. AIDS Patient Care STDS 32:92-103
Musoke, Pamela; Hatcher, Abigail; Rogers, Anna Joy et al. (2018) Men's hopes, fears and challenges in engagement in perinatal health and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in rural Kenya. Cult Health Sex 20:1259-1272
Rogers, Anna J; Akama, Eliud; Weke, Elly et al. (2017) Implementation of repeat HIV testing during pregnancy in southwestern Kenya: progress and missed opportunities. J Int AIDS Soc 20:
Rogers, Anna Joy; Weke, Elly; Kwena, Zachary et al. (2016) Implementation of repeat HIV testing during pregnancy in Kenya: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 16:151
Rogers, Anna Joy; Achiro, Lillian; Bukusi, Elizabeth A et al. (2016) Couple interdependence impacts HIV-related health behaviours among pregnant couples in southwestern Kenya: a qualitative analysis. J Int AIDS Soc 19:21224