(Protein Degradation and Cholesterol Regulation) HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) is a key enzyme of the sterol pathway that produces a variety of essential molecules. HMGR is an integral membrane ER protein and is subject to regulated destruction mediated by ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Our initial discovery that HMGR regulated degradation is conserved in yeast has allowed us uses the uniquely facile approaches to unravel the underlying mechanisms of HMGR ERAD and its regulation by the sterol pathway. The yeast HMGR isozyme Hmg2 undergoes ubiquitin-mediated ER degradation by the HRD quality control pathway. HRD- dependent Hmg2 degradation is controlled by levels of the sterol pathway molecule farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP): elevated FPP leads to increased entry into the HRD degradation pathway. We have made substantial progress towards understanding how the HRD machinery recognizes Hmg2 and other substrates, and how the sterol pathway controls entry of Hmg2, a normal protein, into the HRD quality control pathway. In the past funding period we have found remarkable similarities between the yeast and mammalian systems, including the nature of the signals, the use of ERAD as the degradative mediator, the involvement of conserved motifs, and the participation of INSIGs to impart sterol control. Using uniquely available tools we developed for these studies we plan to push forward our parallel paths of study on HRD mechanisms and sterol pathway signaling. We will 1) Continue our study of the HRD E3 ligase complex, focusing on understanding the mechanism of misfolded membrane protein detection, and HRD complex regulation, 2) Analyze the mechanism of Hmg2 retrotranslocation from the ER membrane using a new in vitro assay developed by our group, in conjunction with genetic and proteomic approaches to discern the participating molecules in this still-mysterious process, 3) Study the features of Hmg2 allowing regulation by sterol pathway signals - with a particular emphasis on the highly conserved sterol sensing domain (SSD) of Hmg2 and the INSIG Nsg1 that we have discovered imparts sterol-mediated control on Hmg2 degradation, and 4) Discover the nature and action of the sterol pathway signals that control Hmg2 ERAD testing the hypothesis that GGPP is the actual FPP-derived degradation signal and the model that GGPP causes Hmg2 to undergo regulated misfolding to trigger HRD pathway entry. These studies provides the double benefit of revealing the tactics employed by cells to measure and modify sterol synthesis, and the nature of a protein quality control pathway of great basic and biomedical interest.

Public Health Relevance

HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) is a key enzyme in the cholesterol pathway, from which sterols and a wide variety of other essential molecules are produced. We are studying the regulated HMGR, by which signals from the sterol pathway control the stability and thus the amount of HMGR. Using the powerful methods of yeast, we have discovered that HMGR is degraded by an important pathway for removal of damaged proteins, a critical process in syndromes of aging and general cell stress. Thus, our work is teaching us about both the pathways cells use to destroy misfolded proteins, and how sterol pathway control HMGR destruction by this route.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Method to Extend Research in Time (MERIT) Award (R37)
Project #
2R37DK051996-16
Application #
8258621
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-CB-R (02))
Program Officer
Haft, Carol R
Project Start
1997-01-01
Project End
2017-01-31
Budget Start
2012-02-01
Budget End
2013-01-31
Support Year
16
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$328,973
Indirect Cost
$111,473
Name
University of California San Diego
Department
Biology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
804355790
City
La Jolla
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
92093
Wangeline, Margaret A; Hampton, Randolph Y (2018) ""Mallostery""-ligand-dependent protein misfolding enables physiological regulation by ERAD. J Biol Chem 293:14937-14950
Neal, Sonya; Jaeger, Philipp A; Duttke, Sascha H et al. (2018) The Dfm1 Derlin Is Required for ERAD Retrotranslocation of Integral Membrane Proteins. Mol Cell 69:306-320.e4
Jaeger, Philipp A; Ornelas, Lilia; McElfresh, Cameron et al. (2018) Systematic Gene-to-Phenotype Arrays: A High-Throughput Technique for Molecular Phenotyping. Mol Cell 69:321-333.e3
Neal, Sonya; Mak, Raymond; Bennett, Eric J et al. (2017) A Cdc48 ""Retrochaperone"" Function Is Required for the Solubility of Retrotranslocated, Integral Membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation (ERAD-M) Substrates. J Biol Chem 292:3112-3128
Wangeline, Margaret A; Vashistha, Nidhi; Hampton, Randolph Y (2017) Proteostatic Tactics in the Strategy of Sterol Regulation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 33:467-489
Vashistha, Nidhi; Neal, Sonya E; Singh, Amanjot et al. (2016) Direct and essential function for Hrd3 in ER-associated degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:5934-9
Higgins, ReneƩ; Gendron, Joshua M; Rising, Lisa et al. (2015) The Unfolded Protein Response Triggers Site-Specific Regulatory Ubiquitylation of 40S Ribosomal Proteins. Mol Cell 59:35-49
Theesfeld, Chandra L; Hampton, Randolph Y (2013) Insulin-induced gene protein (INSIG)-dependent sterol regulation of Hmg2 endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in yeast. J Biol Chem 288:8519-30
Li, Shuyu; Spooner, Robert A; Hampton, Randolph Y et al. (2012) Cytosolic entry of Shiga-like toxin a chain from the yeast endoplasmic reticulum requires catalytically active Hrd1p. PLoS One 7:e41119
Hampton, Randolph Y; Sommer, Thomas (2012) Finding the will and the way of ERAD substrate retrotranslocation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 24:460-6

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