Research is greatly lacking on older women's physical pain experience. There is increasing recognition that many community-dwelling ethnically diverse older women (our target population), although managing to reside outside of institutions, live with high pain levels. In comparison to European- Americans, older racial and ethnic minorities such as African-Americans and Hispanics are likely to be under- treated for pain, but the scarce literature on this topic is highly conflicting. In the current SC3 grant, the I is testing links between trauma and general physical health as well as general mental health in multiethnic older women. In this resubmitted renewal grant, we will use a comprehensive pain measure to compare mean levels of pain across 3 ethnic groups, and will pilot-test this tool's invariance across these groups. Second, we will validate a new measure of satisfaction with one's health provider and test whether it could be used with multiethnic older women. Finally, we will test an improved pain model based on Lagana' and Hassija's original model of pain published in 2012. We will clarify the relation of trauma to physical pain (not to health in genera, as done in the SC3 research) and will test several potential protective and risk factors for pain. We will use more specific measures of psychopathology than those utilized in the SC3 grant, including a novel non-medical stress tool created by the PI. This stress measure is highly needed in the pain model tested herein, in order to minimize confounding issues that could arise if assessing medical stress instead (given that pain is a component of physical health). In addition to expanding the study of trauma and its health-related consequences to focus more specifically on pain, we will test potential pain predictors including demographics, coping strategies, ethnic identity, social quality of life, as well as satisfaction with and adherence to one's health provider's advice. The long-term goal is to shed light on the neglected topic of geriatric pain among non- clinical multiethnic populations. Upon clarifying the social support and psychopathology paths that lead from trauma to pain, and upon studying the relationship of pain to the aforementioned under-studied factors, future pain studies could be designed to test new psychosocial and medical interventions that could best decrease older women's pain.
Aim 1) Compare mean levels of older women's pain across 3 ethnicities and establish (via structural invariance analysis) whether the Global Pain Scale can be used with an ethnically diverse population. Hypothesis 1: Older African-American women will report lower pain levels than European-Americans at a marginally significant level (p<.10). Hypothesis 2: Regarding the structural invariance of the Global Pain Scale, we expect the multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (comparing African-Americans, Latinas, and European- Americans) to show that this scale can be used successfully with these 3 groups.
Aim 2) Validate the PI's new 6-item measure Satisfaction with and adherence to health provider's advice and establish (using structural invariance analysis) whether it can be used with multiethnic participants. Hypothesis 3: We hypothesized that our new tool is a robust measure, as indicated by its predicted strong reliability, validity, and invariance tested on the 3 ethnic groups.
Aim 3) Test an improved pain model on African-American, Hispanic, and European-American older women. The model's hypotheses are: Hypothesis 4: Venting will be negatively related to pain. Hypothesis 5: Denial will be negatively related to pain. Hypothesis 6: Seeking emotional support will be negatively related to pain. Hypothesis 7: Active coping will be positively related to pain. Hypothesis 8: Religious coping will be negatively related to pain. Hypothesis 9: Coping via substance use will be positively related to pain. Hypothesis 10: Being Hispanic will be positively related to pain. Hypothesis 11: Being Hispanic will be related to lower pain through higher religious coping. Hypothesis 12: Being African-American will be related to lower pain through higher religious coping. Hypothesis 13: Being Hispanic will be negatively related to income. Hypothesis 14: Being African-American will be negatively related to income. Hypothesis 15: Age will be positively related to pain. Hypothesis 16: Being Hispanic will be related to higher pain through lower ethnic identity. Hypothesis 17: Trauma will be positively related to pain. Hypothesis 18: PTSD symptomatology will be positively related to pain. Hypothesis 19: Non-medical stress will be positively related to pain. Hypothesis 20: Trauma will be related to higher pain through higher PTSD. Hypothesis 21: Trauma will be related to higher pain through higher non-medical stress. Hypothesis 22: PTSD symptomatology will be positively related to non-medical stress. Hypothesis 23: Trauma will be related to higher pain through both higher PTSD and higher depression. Hypothesis 24: Depressive symptomatology will be negatively related to social quality of life. Hypothesis 25: Social quality of life will be negatively related to non-medical stress. Hypothesis 26: Social quality of life will be negatively related to pain. Hypothesis 27: Satisfaction with and reported adherence to health provider's advice will be negatively related to pain.

Public Health Relevance

The proposed research will clarify factors related to a neglected research area, pain in non-clinical samples of older women. Its findings could be used to train health providers to decrease their implicit racial biases and increase their cultural competence skills when dealing with multiethnic older women in pain. They could also lay the foundation for the development of effective pain prevention and management programs tailored to specific ethnic groups living with high levels of pain. If successful, these future intervention could potentially translate into fewer doctor visits and a corresponding decrease in medical spending in the U.S.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Continuance Award (SC3)
Project #
5SC3GM094075-06
Application #
9099860
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZGM1)
Program Officer
Krasnewich, Donna M
Project Start
2010-07-01
Project End
2019-06-30
Budget Start
2016-07-01
Budget End
2017-06-30
Support Year
6
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
California State University Northridge
Department
Psychology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
055752331
City
Northridge
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
91330
Alpizar, David; Laganá, Luciana; Plunkett, Scott W et al. (2018) Evaluating the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire's psychometric properties with Mexican and Central American descent university students. Psychol Assess 30:719-728
Laganá, Luciana; Gavrilova, Larisa; Carter, Delwin B et al. (2017) A Randomized Controlled Study on the Effects of a Documentary on Students' Empathy and Attitudes towards Older Adults. Psychol Cogn Sci 3:79-88
Laganá, Luciana; Arellano, Kimberly; Alpizar, David (2017) Cognitive Functioning, Health Screening Behaviors and Desire to Improve One's Health in Diabetic versus Healthy Older Women. J Adv Med Med Res 23:
Laganà, Luciana; Prilutsky, Roxanne R (2016) A Pilot Psychometric Study on the Validation of the Older Women's Non-Medical Stress Scale (OWN-MSS) on an Ethnically Diverse Sample. J Geriatr Palliat Care 4:
Alamdari, Golnar; Laganà, Luciana (2015) The Relationship of Older Adults' Physical Pain to Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Review. J Geriatr Med Gerontol 1:
Mamikonian-Zarpas, Ani; Laganá, Luciana (2015) The Relationship between Older Adults' Risk for a Future Fall and Difficulty Performing Activities of Daily Living. J Aging Gerontol 3:8-16
Maciel, Michelle; Laganà, Luciana (2014) Older women's sexual desire problems: biopsychosocial factors impacting them and barriers to their clinical assessment. Biomed Res Int 2014:107217
Laganà, Luciana; Bloom, David William; Ainsworth, Andrew (2014) Urinary incontinence: its assessment and relationship to depression among community-dwelling multiethnic older women. ScientificWorldJournal 2014:708564
Lagana, Luciana; Fobair, Patricia; Spiegel, David (2014) Targeting the Psychosexual Challenges Faced by Couples with Breast Cancer: Can Couples Group Psychotherapy Help? J Womens Health Care 3:
Laganá, Luciana; White, Theresa; Bruzzone, Daniel E et al. (2013) Exploring the Sexuality of African American Older Women. Br J Med Med Res 4:1129-1148

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