Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and influenza are the 8th most frequent primary and an important secondary cause of death in the US. Information suggests that etiology and possibly frequency of CAP have changed since the last CDC-sponsored population-based study. Even the definition of CAP has undergone revision, with exclusion of a group with the newly-defined healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP). Unfortunately, lack of an appropriate population-based pathogen-specific study to define HCAP has now resulted in significant controversy. Conversely, developments in molecular diagnostic techniques, such as urinary antigen testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of bacterial and viral genes, have not only made documentation of etiology more accurate than culture-based methods but define etiology in a greater proportion of cases. All these factors coalesce on the need for a contemporary population-based estimate of CAP incidence based on an accurate etiologic diagnosis. In response to this need and the resultant CDC Funding Opportunity, we developed a consortium of three urban Chicago hospitals to recruit 1500 adult CAP patients over an 18 month period. Combining with a previous study at the same centers using a nearly identical protocol will allow accurate estimates over >3years. An accurate population-based estimate of incidence requires inclusion of an urban population with the variety of racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and access to healthcare characteristics seen in patients admitted to these hospitals. Several subgroups of patients presenting to the hospital with pneumonia are excluded from the current CDC study, such as recent hospital discharges. Since these patients are routinely coded with ICD-9 CAP codes, they will impact our incidence calculations. We will therefore expand inclusion criteria for this proposal to recruit these patients, expecting that molecular diagnostic tools will demonstrate that a high percentage of their pneumonias are caused by usual CAP pathogens. We will also address concern regarding an increased incidence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) pneumonia. Microbial etiology will be determined by extensive diagnostic testing, including routine use of urinary antigen detection, paired serology, and a battery of CDC-approved PCR assays. The role of influenza and bacterial co- infection will be aggressively explored with PCR, culture, and paired serology. Whole blood quantitative PCR (qPCR) of a pneumococcal gene and a generic bacterial 16s ribosomal gene will increase diagnostic sensitivity. Confirmation that qPCR correlates with mortality, septic shock, and organ failure will challenge conventional dogma that these complications are due to the host response rather than bacterial factors. Our data combined with that of other participating centers will provide a more accurate contemporary assessment of pneumonia incidence and etiology. Results will inform future decisions regarding diagnostic testing, empirical antibiotic therapy, and the opportunities for vaccination and other prevention strategies.

Public Health Relevance

Community-acquired pneumonia, often complicating influenza or other viral infections, remains an important cause of death in the US. Patient risk factors, antibiotic resistance, effectiveness of immunization, and the bacteria and viruses that cause pneumonia have changed in recent years. This study will define the incidence of pneumonia in an adult urban population and determine the microorganisms causing these pneumonias by addition of new molecular diagnostic tests. This information is critical to design appropriate future prevention and treatment strategies.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Center for Immunication and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD)
Type
Research Demonstration--Cooperative Agreements (U18)
Project #
3U18IP000490-02S1
Application #
8725418
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZIP1-GCA (21))
Program Officer
Yang, Amy
Project Start
2011-09-01
Project End
2014-08-31
Budget Start
2013-09-01
Budget End
2014-08-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$16,393
Indirect Cost
$5,643
Name
Northwestern University at Chicago
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
005436803
City
Chicago
State
IL
Country
United States
Zip Code
60611
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Jain, Seema; Self, Wesley H; Wunderink, Richard G et al. (2015) Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults. N Engl J Med 373:415-27
Jain, Seema; Williams, Derek J; Arnold, Sandra R et al. (2015) Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children. N Engl J Med 372:835-45
Wunderink, Richard G; Niederman, Michael S (2012) Update in respiratory infections 2011. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185:1261-5
Wunderink, Richard G; Mandell, Lionel (2012) Adjunctive therapy in community-acquired pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 33:311-8