The goals of this project are to characterize the molecular mechanisms by which cowpox virus (CPXV) and monkeypox virus (MPXV) inhibit T cell stimulation and the impact of these immune evasion mechanisms on viral virulence and the development of anti-viral immune responses. We previously demonstrated that CPXV inhibits MHC-l-mediated antigen presentation thus escaping poxvirus-specific CD8+ T cells. Preliminary data suggest that, in addition, CPXV escapes CD4+ T cell stimulation and inactivates T cells in trans, i.e. without infecting T cells and independent of antigen presentation. The latter mode of T cell inhibition is very similar to our previously reported mechanism by which MPXV inhibits MHC-independent T cell stimulation. We therefore hypothesize that the responsible gene products are conserved between CPXV and MPXV. By analyzing deletion mutants we identified a gene region in the CPXV genome encoding the genes responsible for both CD4+ T cell escape and inhibiting T cell stimulation by anti-CD3. Since both antigen-dependent-and antigen-independent stimulation of T cells requires signal-transduction by the T cell receptor (TCR), it is conceivable that a single gene is responsible for both T cell evasion phenotypes. In three specific aims, we will (I) identify the genes in CPXV and MPXV responsible for inhibiting MHC-l-independent T cell stimulation by CPXV and MPXV, (II) characterize the corresponding gene products of CPXV and MPXV and determine how they inhibit TCR-mediated T cell activation, and (111) examine the role of T cell evasion for CPXV virulence and the impact of these inhibitory mechanisms on the development of antiviral immune responses in vivo: Since T cell inactivation by CPXV and MPXV is unlike any other viral T cell inhibitor mechanism described to date, our studies are expected to uncover novel molecular strategies for viral immune evasion. We further expect that this work will lead to a re-evaluation of the role of T cell evasion in the pathogenesis of zoonotic orthopoxviruses (and potentially smallpox, if the T cell inhibitors are conserved in Variola major) because these evasion mechanisms are absent from the widely studied Vaccinia Virus (W) and the mousepox virus ectromelia (ECTV).

Public Health Relevance

T lymphocytes are central to our immune defense against viruses, yet many viruses developed clever strategies to overcome T cell immunity. While in most cases viruses hide from T cells by preventing infected cells from presenting viral antigen to T cells, we now show that some poxviruses, including those causing smallpox and monkeypox, instead encode a protein that renders T cells non-responsive.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Program--Cooperative Agreements (U19)
Project #
5U19AI109948-04
Application #
9223657
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZAI1-ZL-I)
Project Start
Project End
Budget Start
2017-03-01
Budget End
2018-02-28
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
$494,914
Indirect Cost
Name
Washington University
Department
Type
Domestic Higher Education
DUNS #
068552207
City
Saint Louis
State
MO
Country
United States
Zip Code
63130
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