The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) is a randomized clinical trial with 3 components, determining the effects of blood glucose lowering, blood pressure lowering, and lowering of serum triglycerides plus raising serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes. 10,000 participants will be randomly assigned in equal numbers to two glycemic management treatment arms. An intensive treatment arm will aim to achieve and maintain hemoglobin A1C level < 6.0%. A conventional treatment arm will target an A1C range of 7.0-7.9% with an expected mean value of approximately 7.5%. 4,200 of these participants will simultaneously be randomized to one of two hypertension management protocols. The intensive treatment arm targets a systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 120 mmHg and the conventional treatment arm targets a SBP <140 mmHg. 5,800 dyslipidemic ACCORD participants (HDL < 40 mg/dl) will be randomly assigned in a double masked fashion to either a placebo or fenofibrate 160 mg daily for reduction of triglyceride levels and increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, after low-density lipoprotein cholesterol has been lowered with statin therapy (simvastatin 20 mg daily) to target LDL levels of approximately 100 mg/dl or lower. The primary endpoint of the ACCORD Trial is death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal stroke. Secondary outcomes include: the combination of the primary outcome plus any revascularization for coronary artery disease plus hospitalization for congestive heart failure; total mortality, cardiovascular mortality; any one of the specific coronary heart disease endpoints noted above, and fatal and non-fatal strokes. Other microvascular complications were also assessed in this study. An ancillary eye study was designed to evaluate the effects of these medical treatments on diabetic retinopathy within the ACCORD Trial. The ACCORD Eye Study consists of 2 eye exams with fundus photography of 7 stereoscopic fields, scheduled for baseline and year 4 of follow-up. The projected sample size is 4065 patients. The main ACCORD Trial, which follows the Vanguard Phase, recruited and randomizes participantss from February 2003 through June 2005. The ACCORD Eye Study showed that intensive glycemic control and intensive lipid therapy with fenofibrate and a statin reduced the risk of progression of diabetic retinopathy. At 4 years, the rates of progression of diabetic retinopathy were 7.3% with intensive glycemia treatment, versus 10.4% with standard therapy (adjusted odds ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval CI, 0.51 to 0.87; P = 0.003); 6.5% with fenofibrate for intensive dyslipidemia therapy, versus 10.2% with placebo (adjusted odds ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.87; P = 0.006); and 10.4% with intensive blood-pressure therapy, versus 8.8% with standard therapy (adjusted odds ratio: 1.23; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.79; P = 0.29).

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Type
Investigator-Initiated Intramural Research Projects (ZIA)
Project #
1ZIAEY000410-10
Application #
9155568
Study Section
Project Start
Project End
Budget Start
Budget End
Support Year
10
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
U.S. National Eye Institute
Department
Type
DUNS #
City
State
Country
Zip Code
Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Follow-On (ACCORDION) Eye Study Group and the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Follow-On (ACCORDION) Study Group (2016) Persistent Effects of Intensive Glycemic Control on Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Follow-On Study. Diabetes Care 39:1089-100
Knickelbein, Jared E; Abbott, Akshar B; Chew, Emily Y (2016) Fenofibrate and Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Diab Rep 16:90
Chew, Emily Y (2015) There is level 1 evidence for intensive glycemic control for reducing the progression of diabetic retinopathy in persons with type 2 diabetes. Endocrine 49:1-3
Casanova, Ramon; Saldana, Santiago; Chew, Emily Y et al. (2014) Application of random forests methods to diabetic retinopathy classification analyses. PLoS One 9:e98587
Chew, Emily Y; Davis, Matthew D; Danis, Ronald P et al. (2014) The effects of medical management on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in persons with type 2 diabetes: the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Eye Study. Ophthalmology 121:2443-51
Gerstein, Hertzel C; Ambrosius, Walter T; Danis, Ronald et al. (2013) Diabetic retinopathy, its progression, and incident cardiovascular events in the ACCORD trial. Diabetes Care 36:1266-71
Ambrosius, Walter T; Danis, Ronald P; Goff Jr, David C et al. (2010) Lack of association between thiazolidinediones and macular edema in type 2 diabetes: the ACCORD eye substudy. Arch Ophthalmol 128:312-8
ACCORD Study Group; ACCORD Eye Study Group; Chew, Emily Y et al. (2010) Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 363:233-44
Chew, Emily Y; Ambrosius, Walter T; Howard, Letitia T et al. (2007) Rationale, design, and methods of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Eye Study (ACCORD-EYE). Am J Cardiol 99:103i-111i