A sound pattern can be the result either of the distribution of targets (phonology), or context-sensitive realization of targets (phonetic implementation). Linguists have been aware of this dichotomy for some time, but as yet there has been relatively little work explicitly exploring the properties distinguishing the two kinds of sound pattern. This project will explore the two kinds of pattern as they are displayed in fundamental frequency (fO) in the Bantu language Chichewa, the national language of Malawi. Extensive data on the language were collected by the P.I. in 1992-1993 in Malawi, including lexical paradigms, intonational paradigms, and natural discourse (in the form of traditional oral narratives). Pitch tracks of the recorded data will be produced using computer sound analysis equipment. Measurements will be entered into a spreadsheet and the significant factors and trends extracted. The end result will be explicit quantitative models of fO contours. The project will include the collection of new data for Chichewa, in particular: (1) An experiment will be conducted with Chichewa speakers in the U.S. in which alternating tone sequences are produced as statements and as questions with systematic variation of (a) pitch range and (b) speech rate. This will make clear the effect of these two variables on fO, as well as clarifying the form of downtrends in Chichewa. (2) The researchers will collaborate with Dr. Sam Mchombo, a linguist and Chichewa speaker, on a description of the function of intonation in Chichewa discourse. (3) The Chichewa natural discourse material will be analyzed and compared to the patterns found in the experimental paradigms. This will provide a test of the experimental findings, and reveal other factors not included in the experimental set-up. The project will contribute to our understanding of intonation and its interaction with lexical tone. It will clarify the distinction between pho nology and phonetic implementation. It will represent the first instrumental study of intonation in a Bantu language.
