This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing theresources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. The subproject andinvestigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source,and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. The institution listed isfor the Center, which is not necessarily the institution for the investigator.In humans a fundamental distinction is made between memories that are consciously accessible (explicit or declarative) and those that are nonconscious (implicit or nondeclarative; e.g. Tulving & Schacter, 1990; Squire, Knowlton & Musen, 1993; Cohen & Eichenbaum, 1994). Historically this distinction has depended on verbal reports of private experience (e.g. 'I knew' versus 'I guessed'), making it impossible to apply to nonverbal animals. Furthermore, because more than one memory system may contribute to solution of a given cognitive task, equating performance in specific tasks with the function of a specific memory system is problematic. Process dissociation procedures (PDPs) offer a potential solution to these problems (Jacoby, 1991; Hay & Jacoby, 1996; Kelley & Jacoby, 1998, 2000). PDP does not depend on verbal reports to distinguish between memory processes, and can therefore be used with nonverbal organisms. Furthermore, by presuming simultaneously active memory processes, PDP avoids the pitfalls of ascribing specific memory processes to specific tasks, and rather quantifies the relative contributions of automatic (implicit) and controlled (explicit) memory processes in a single cognitive task. Monkeys have been trained and tested in the PDP procedure which involves modified matching training in which certain stimuli are over-represented so as to instill memory habits in the monkeys. As predicted we have observed contributions of both habit and memory.
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