The long-term goal of this study is to increase our understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and asthma. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and highly regulated essential homeostatic process that ensures lysosome-dependent bulk degradation of cytosolic proteins and organelles. Alterations in autophagy have been implicated in numerous conditions afflicting humans, including aging, cancer, neurodegenerative processes, and immune responses, as autophagy is essential for the generation of both innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens. This project is motivated by recent published data from our laboratory and others, demonstrating that abrogation of autophagy, particularly in dendritic cells (DCs), induces severe airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in animal models (J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2016; Science. 2017). Moreover, several studies clearly demonstrate that genetic variants in Atg5, a critical gene in autophagy, are significantly associated with childhood asthma. In support of those studies, our preliminary results suggest that: A) treatment with autophagy inducers reduces AHR in animal models sensitized with allergens, B) enhancement of autophagy in dendritic cells induces IL-10 and significantly up- regulates PD-L2, which in turn robustly polarizes nave T cells towards Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, C) genetic ablation of autophagy, particularly in DCs, induces steroid-resistant AHR in murine models, and D) autophagy is severely impaired in pulmonary dendritic cells obtained from patients with moderate to severe asthma. We now propose to investigate if enhancement of autophagy, particularly among antigen presenting cells, ameliorates pathology associated with asthma, suppresses unwanted lung inflammation and ultimately improves lung inflammation and function. To test this hypothesis, we first designed several approaches utilizing tissue-specific and conditional knockout murine models established in our laboratory. Second, we intend to modulate autophagy using a novel and robust autophagy inducer that was discovered recently by our collaborators at USC. Finally, we will extend our preliminary results in humans by assessing autophagy levels in the bronchoalveolar fluid and peripheral blood of patients with asthma, and determine if treatment with autophagy inducers can enhance immune-regulatory pathways. For the human studies we successfully established collaborations with UCSF pulmonary group and will utilized their lung biopsy repository samples obtained from well-defined cohorts of patients with asthma including neutrophilic asthma. Furthermore, we have assembled a team of scientists including a leading expert in autophagy and the chief of clinical pulmonology at USC to complement our laboratory's extensive experience in pre-clinical models of AHR. We believe that the results obtained from this study will provide novel insights into an important and previously unrecognized role of autophagy in asthma.
Asthma is a chronic disease of the lungs, which has been on the rise in recent decades. Our studies strongly suggest that autophagy play a central role in induction of allergic inflammation. Studies in this proposal aim to elucidate the autophagy pathways in the lungs. The identification of autophagy specific inducers may lead to the development of novel, effective therapies for the treatment of this ever-increasing disease.
