The objective of this project is to improve treatments for type 1 diabetes via optimization of a closed loop system by 1) incorporating exercise detection to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia and 2) improving usability by reducing the number of system components. Exercise commonly results in hypoglycemia in persons with type 1 diabetes due to a rapid increase in glucose uptake by working muscles as well as an increase in insulin sensitivity. To date, avoiding exercise-induced hypoglycemia using current closed loop systems has had limited success as most artificial pancreas (AP) algorithms are designed to react to declines in sensed glucose, and this decline may be significantly delayed from the onset of exercise. In this project, we propose to incorporate accelerometry and heart rate monitoring to allow for exercise detection and grading to enable more immediate algorithm adjustments to significantly decrease the risk of post-exercise hypoglycemia. First, 15 adult subjects with type 1 diabetes will be brought in for two closed loop studies while wearing an accelerometer and heart rate monitor. Subjects will exercise on a treadmill and bicycle at varying levels of intensity and these data will be utilized to develop a method of detecting and grading exercise. Glucose control will be managed by our team's current bi-hormonal AP algorithm, which automatically delivers insulin and glucagon, but without modifications to detect exercise. The performance of our current AP system as well as results from simulations will guide the design of an Adaptive Personalized Exercise-sensing (APE) algorithm. We anticipate the APE algorithm will effect changes in estimated insulin sensitivity, the update interval of the sensitivity estimates, and wil raise the glucose target which will effectively call for glucagon delivery earlier. In a second study, subjects will be brought in for three closed loop studies: a control study using the unmodified algorithm, a second study utilizing the APE algorithm, and a third study with an optimized APE algorithm. We hypothesize that use of the AP algorithm will significantly reduce the frequency and severity of hypoglycemia. In parallel with the above studies, the team of Drs. Jacob and Castle will be collaborating with the engineers of Tandem Diabetes and Pacific Diabetes Technologies to reduce the number of devices which the patient must wear or carry from 12 eventually down to 3. The final miniaturized system will include integration of a new dual- purpose glucose-sensing catheter (SC) into the AP platform. This catheter will serve as a conduit for insulin and glucagon delivery, which will be infused using a dual chamber pump. The SC also has multiple glucose sensing units, and these glucose values will be transmitted via Bluetooth Low Energy to a smart phone that will run the APE algorithm. This miniaturized system will be tested in inpatient and outpatient closed loop studies.

Public Health Relevance

In the US, approximately 1 million people have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness, kidney failure, and non-traumatic amputation. Improving blood glucose control with a miniaturized closed loop (automated) system for use within real world situations including those in which patients move about freely and exercise, as proposed here, will decrease the risk of hypoglycemia and the risk of complications that can be debilitating, such as eye disease, and life-threatening, such as heart attacks. Such benefits will improve the quality of life for the individual with diabetes and reduce the cost to society as a whole.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Type 1 Diabetes Targeted Research Award (DP3)
Project #
1DP3DK101044-01
Application #
8639368
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZDK1-GRB-N (O1))
Program Officer
Arreaza-Rubin, Guillermo
Project Start
2013-09-30
Project End
2017-06-30
Budget Start
2013-09-30
Budget End
2017-06-30
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$2,943,303
Indirect Cost
$947,983
Name
Oregon Health and Science University
Department
Biomedical Engineering
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
096997515
City
Portland
State
OR
Country
United States
Zip Code
97239
Reddy, Ravi; Wittenberg, Amanda; Castle, Jessica R et al. (2018) Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes :
Castle, Jessica R; El Youssef, Joseph; Wilson, Leah M et al. (2018) Randomized Outpatient Trial of Single- and Dual-Hormone Closed-Loop Systems That Adapt to Exercise Using Wearable Sensors. Diabetes Care 41:1471-1477
Reddy, Ravi; El Youssef, Joseph; Winters-Stone, Kerri et al. (2018) The effect of exercise on sleep in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 20:443-447
Wilson, Leah M; Castle, Jessica R (2018) Stable Liquid Glucagon: Beyond Emergency Hypoglycemia Rescue. J Diabetes Sci Technol 12:847-853
Castle, Jessica R (2017) Will the First Approved Automated Insulin Delivery System Be a Game-Changer in Type 1 Diabetes Management? Diabetes Technol Ther 19:137-139
Resalat, Navid; El Youssef, Joseph; Reddy, Ravi et al. (2016) Design of a dual-hormone model predictive control for artificial pancreas with exercise model. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2016:2270-2273
Castle, Jessica R; Jacobs, Peter G (2016) Nonadjunctive Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Diabetes Treatment Decisions. J Diabetes Sci Technol 10:1169-73
Jacobs, P G; El Youssef, J; Reddy, R et al. (2016) Randomized trial of a dual-hormone artificial pancreas with dosing adjustment during exercise compared with no adjustment and sensor-augmented pump therapy. Diabetes Obes Metab 18:1110-1119
Jacobs, Peter G; Resalat, Navid; El Youssef, Joseph et al. (2015) Incorporating an Exercise Detection, Grading, and Hormone Dosing Algorithm Into the Artificial Pancreas Using Accelerometry and Heart Rate. J Diabetes Sci Technol 9:1175-84
Du, Xiaosong; Durgan, Christopher J; Matthews, David J et al. (2015) Fabrication of a Flexible Amperometric Glucose Sensor Using Additive Processes. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol 4:P3069-P3074

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