This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. The institution listed is for the Center, which is not necessarily the institution for the investigator. The intramuscular route represents the current standard mode of vaccination against influenza bypassing the skin's immune system and delivers influenza virus into tissue that has no important resident population of antigen-presenting cell. Intradermal injection delivers the antigen through the epidermis and into the upper layers of the dermis, where a large number of APC (dendritic cells) initiate an efficient immune response.
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