FTIR DIFFERENCE SPECTROSCOPY CAN BE USED TO PROBE CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES AT THE LEVEL OF INDIVIDUAL AMINO ACID RESIDUES IN A MEMBRANE PROTEIN. HOWEVER, A KEY PROBLEM LIMITING PROGRESS IS THE ABSENCE OF A GENERAL METHOD FOR THE INCORPORATION OF ISOTOPE LABELS AT SPECIFIC POSITIONS IN A PROTEIN. UNTIL RECENTLY THIS WAS NOT POSSIBLE EXCEPT THROUGH CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS, WHICH IS GENERALLY LIMITED TO POLYPEPTIDES OF 50 RESIDUES. WE HAVE RECENTLY INTRODUCED A NEW METHOD WHICH CIRCUMVENTS THIS LIMITATION. TERMED SITE-DIRECTED ISOTOPE LABELING (SDIL), IT IS BASED ON THE USE OF SUPPRESSER TRNAS AND IN VITRO SYNTHESIS. IN THE CASE OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN, THE LIGHT-DRIVEN PROTON PUMP, WE HAVE USED THIS METHOD TO LABEL SEVERAL TYROSINE AND PEPTIDE CARBONYL POSITIONS. COMBINED WITH FTIR-DIFFERENCE SPECTROSCOPY, THIS HAS ALLOWED US TO PINPOINT STRUCTURAL ACTIVITY IN TYR RESIDUE 185 WHICH MAY SERVE AS A HINGE FORCONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN THAT PROTEIN. OUR GOAL IS NOW TO EXTEND THESE METHODS SO THAT THEY CAN BE USED TO LABEL ROUTINELY ANY RES IDUE IN BACTERIORHODOPSIN; CAN BE APPLIED TO OTHER PROTEINS AND CAN BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES SUCH AS SOLID STATE NMR, NEUTRON DIFFRACTION AND FTIR. FOR THIS PURPOSE NEW METHODS WILL BE DEVELOPED FOR BOTH ENZYMATIC AND CHEMICAL AMINOACYLATION OF SUPPRESSER TRNAS TO OPTIMIZE IN VITRO EXPRESSION, ISOLATION AND REFOLDING AND TO CHARACTERIZE SDIL PROTEINS SPECTROSCOPICALLY. AN EXTENSIVE SET OF SDIL BACTERIORHODOPSIN ANALOGS WILL BE PRODUCED INCLUDING LABELS PLACED IN ASP, GLU, PRO, THR, SER AND TRP POSITIONS. THESE STUDIES WILL DIRECTLY LEAD TO A DETAILED PICTURE OF HOW THIS PROTEIN FUNCTIONS. SIMILAR RESEARCH WILL BE CONDUCTED ON SENSORY RHODOPSIN I, THE PHOTOTACTIC RECEPTOR IN HALOBACTERIUM SALINARIUM
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