Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and associated polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) has long been identified with a large number of human health risks. PAHs are well-known carcinogens and mutagens. Current analytical techniques for detection of PAHs and PAC are laboratory based, slow, complex, and require expensive instrumentation and sample preparation. We propose an entirely new approach combining optical spectroscopic techniques such as Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA). These techniques can also be combined onto a single nanoengineered substrate, designed to sensitively identify specific PACs. While these techniques have been demonstrated successfully using gold and silver based nanoparticles and nanoengineered substrates, we propose to expand these techniques using inexpensive and environmentally friendly Aluminum nanoengineered substrates for streamlined ultrasensitive PAH and PAC detection. This platform will utilize polydopamine, a biomimetic polymer inspired by mussel adhesive proteins, as coatings for molecular partitioning, selectively extracting and adsorbing PAH and PAC molecules from samples of interest onto the nanosensing substrates. In preliminary results, this approach has yielded sub-ppb detection sensitivities for PAH molecules extracted from liquid samples. Furthermore we propose to design and demonstrate a new type of chemical detector that can be fully integrated with SERS and/or SEIRA substrates, to directly generate an electrical signal in response to the spectrum of the PAH and PAC molecules. This would eliminate the need for bulky and expensive monochromators and dispersive optics, ultimately allowing for the design of ultracompact, ?on-chip? detectors that can be deployed in the field at superfund sites and in the clinic. Prototypes of this type of direct spectral detector have recently been demonstrated by our group. We will also address one of the primary problems universal to analyte detection and analysis, the detection of chemical mixtures, likely to be found under actual field sampling conditions, by applying a machine learning approach. We propose to develop machine learning algorithms that automatically analyze the spectra of multicomponent samples, trained to identify with high accuracy and precision their PAH and PAC components. The ultimate outcome of this project is the creation of a streamlined, ultracompact, ultrasensitive chemical analysis and detection platform, capable of identifying multiple PAHs and PACs in a single sample without costly separation and purification steps, which could be readily transitioned to fieldable use.
The goal of this project is to achieve detection sensitivities similar to analytical techniques such as GC-MS, using new, nanoengineering-based approaches to chemical detection and identification of PAHs and PACs based on surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopies. Combining the optically active nanoengineered substrates with ultracompact photocurrent detection technology, could greatly facilitate and accelerate the evaluation of superfund sites and their environmental and biological impact, and will also help in risk assessment by partnering with EPA and ATSDR.
