High levels of alcohol consumption clearly place individuals at great risk and present a significant health and economic burden to society. Emerging evidence indicates that many young adults engage in what can be called extreme drinking (i.e., drinking at levels likely to lead to BACs > .16). Despite recent attention to extreme drinking5,6, we know surprisingly little about this behavior beyond associations revealed by cross?sectional studies that rely exclusively on retrospective self?report. The proposed study is designed to provide some of the first comprehensive data about influences on the extreme drinking phenotype, and to compare these with those identified for the typical binge drinking phenotype. Whether there are unique causes and correlates of extreme drinking (compared to binge drinking) is an empirical question that has not been tested. There are challenges to investigating extreme drinking, including 1) overcoming the limitations of retrospective self?report, 2) adequately measuring personological and environmental influences, and 3) capturing the temporal associations of these diverse influences and their impact on extreme drinking occasions. The proposed project is designed to meet these challenges using a combination of laboratory, genetic, and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods. Our multi?method approach will combine laboratory alcohol administration, EMA, and real?time BAC assessment to capture the interplay between a broad range of potential influences on extreme drinking, extend our investigation outside the lab and into the natural drinking environment, and explore the temporal associations of influences on extreme drinking. We focus on four core constructs central to current theoretical models of addiction that are hypothesized to influence substance use through in?the?moment processes: reward sensitivity (RS), incentive salience (IS), impulsivity/loss of control (Imp), and negative affectivity (NA). We will recruit a sample of 400 young adults (ages 21?29), ascertained from a statewide DMV database, who have a recent legal action with a recorded BAC consistent with extreme drinking (? .12). Using a longitudinal burst design, we will follow participants over a 12?month period, with five self?report assessments and four, two?week EMA bursts. A baseline laboratory session will assess behavioral, trait, and electrophysiological markers of core study constructs.
We aim to (1) Evaluate the validity and utility of real?time assessments for identifying extreme drinking and alcohol?related behavior.
This aim could inform estimation methods for characterizing extreme drinking and guide refinement of definitions of problematic drinking profiles. (2) Characterize the structural influence of stable individual differences, transient intra?individual factors, and environmental variables on risky, binge, and extreme drinking occasions and alcohol?related negative consequences.
This aim will reveal the incremental validity of state (EMA) and trait (lab; baseline questionnaires; polygenic risk scores [PRSs] when applicable) indices of core study constructs in predicting extreme drinking occasions within and between individuals; as well as test their interaction with specific contextual factors to predict extreme drinking behavior. (3) Identify multidimensional profiles associated with stable or highly variable binge and extreme drinking behavior. Our longitudinal burst design allows us to test hypotheses about the stability of drinking behavior over time.
?Extreme? drinking (roughly a ?double? binge) is a significant public health concern, especially among young adults, but almost all information on these behaviors is based on self?report, which can be particularly unreliable given the memory impairments associated with this level of alcohol consumption. This project will collect data from high risk young adults during drinking events using mobile technology, including real?time smartphone assessments and portable alcohol breathalyzers, and will be combined with information from other sources (e.g., alcohol outlet density, laboratory collected data). Results of this study can provide unique information critical to developing public health messages and interventions aimed at reducing extreme drinking.
