The acquisition of invasive potential by cancer cells is considered to play a central role in tumor progression, as it enables such cells to disseminate from the primary site of growth to distant organs. We have previously demonstrated that cell adhesion, rearrangement of extracellular matrix components, assembly of cytoskeleton networks, cell geometry and locomotion are all closely interrelated properties affecting tumor cell metastasis. Since cell motility is a prerequisite for tumor cell invasion, the first step in metastasis, it is critical to explore the mechanisms governing cell motility and to identify factors that regulate this process. Recent studies have demonstrated that certain tumor cells, including melanoma, sarcoma and carcinoma cells produce and secrete, an autocrine motility factor (AMF), a 55 kDa cytokine, and respond to it via a cell surface receptor designated gp78. Here we report on the isolation and purification of the mouse and human melanoma AMFs and the generation of an antibody against AMF. AMF was found to be not only a highly potent motogen, but also a mitogen exhibiting differential growth stimulation on normal and tumor cells. The cellular response to AMF is mediated by G- protein(s), inositol triphosphate production, arachidonic acid metabolism, receptor phosphorylation probably involving PKC and receptor-ligand internalization. The AMF receptor was purified, cloned and mapped to human chromosome 16 at band p21. Gp78, like the receptors of many growth factors has at least three distinct domains with specific function: an extracellular N-terminal ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane anchoring domain and a cytoplasmic C-terminal domain which undergoes phosphorylation in response to ligand binding and may contain a kinase region, regulatory sequences and sites responsible for interaction with intracellular substrates. Gp78 is not randomly distributed on the cell surface, but rather is localized at distinct poles, controlling the directional motility of migratory cells and its expression in formal cells is cell- contact regulated. The preliminary results suggest that AMF may be involved in an """"""""autocrine loop"""""""" providing motile and growth advantages to invading cells.
The aim of this project is to continue to study the role of AMF and its receptor in vitro (motility) and in vivo (hematogenous spread). In particular it is proposed: l) to clone the gene coding for AMF and to chromosomally map it; 2) to continue to study the effect of AMF-gp78 interaction on cell migration and proliferation; 3) to continue to study signal transduction pathways of motility and proliferation stimulation by AMF; 4) to clone the gene coding for the murine gp78 from normal and tumor cell cDNA libraries; 5) to transfect specific sense and anti-sense gp78 coding sequences into normal and tumor cells and analyze its expression in relation to cell-contact regulation, motility and metastasis. It is expected that these studies will allow a better understanding of the role of the AMF-gp78 interaction in cell kinesis and proliferation and their relevance to invasion and metastasis.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01CA051714-08
Application #
2390726
Study Section
Pathology B Study Section (PTHB)
Project Start
1991-08-01
Project End
1999-03-31
Budget Start
1997-04-01
Budget End
1998-03-31
Support Year
8
Fiscal Year
1997
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Wayne State University
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
City
Detroit
State
MI
Country
United States
Zip Code
48202
Kho, Dhong Hyo; Zhang, Tianpeng; Balan, Vitaly et al. (2014) Autocrine motility factor modulates EGF-mediated invasion signaling. Cancer Res 74:2229-37
Wang, Ying; Ha, Seung-Wook; Zhang, Tianpeng et al. (2014) Polyubiquitylation of AMF requires cooperation between the gp78 and TRIM25 ubiquitin ligases. Oncotarget 5:2044-51
Ahmad, Aamir; Ali, Shadan; Ahmed, Alia et al. (2013) 3, 3'-Diindolylmethane enhances the effectiveness of herceptin against HER-2/neu-expressing breast cancer cells. PLoS One 8:e54657
Kho, Dhong Hyo; Nangia-Makker, Pratima; Balan, Vitaly et al. (2013) Autocrine motility factor promotes HER2 cleavage and signaling in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 73:1411-9
Yanagawa, Takashi; Shinozaki, Tetsuya; Watanabe, Hideomi et al. (2012) Vascular endothelial growth factor-D is a key molecule that enhances lymphatic metastasis of soft tissue sarcomas. Exp Cell Res 318:800-8
Ahmad, Aamir; Aboukameel, Amro; Kong, Dejuan et al. (2011) Phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulated by miR-200 in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 71:3400-9
Niinaka, Yasufumi; Harada, Kiyoshi; Fujimuro, Masahiro et al. (2010) Silencing of autocrine motility factor induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and suppression of osteosarcoma pulmonary metastasis. Cancer Res 70:9483-93
Araki, Kenichiro; Shimura, Tatsuo; Yajima, Toshiki et al. (2009) Phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor promotes melanoma cell migration through ERK activation dependent on autocrine production of interleukin-8. J Biol Chem 284:32305-11
Funasaka, Tatsuyoshi; Hogan, Victor; Raz, Avraham (2009) Phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor mediates epithelial and mesenchymal phenotype conversions in breast cancer. Cancer Res 69:5349-56
Funasaka, Tatsuyoshi; Hu, Huankai; Hogan, Victor et al. (2007) Down-regulation of phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor expression sensitizes human fibrosarcoma cells to oxidative stress leading to cellular senescence. J Biol Chem 282:36362-9

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