The past four years of NIH/NIDA support has enabled a highly successful translational research study of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in young injection drug users (IDU). This application proposes to build on and expand our scientific aims. HCV remains a problematic human pathogen and there is good evidence that this epidemic, after years of decreasing, it is expanding. HCV incidence has been high in many urban areas, for instance in San Francisco, in our UFO Study cohort, HCV incidence among young adult IDU has been stable but unacceptably high at 23% for over 10 years. Numerous outbreaks as well as surveillance has shown increases in injection and HCV infections in multiple suburban and rural areas, so much so that in February of this year, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Disease Policy held a technical consultation on """"""""Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Young Persons who Inject Drugs"""""""" bringing together experts to address this emerging epidemic. Increases are associated with burgeoning prescription opioid epidemic with high rates of transition to IDU, as well as high risk injecting practices, and limited comprehensive prevention strategies. This population is also at risk for HIV, and although rates are much lower than for HCV (<0.8%), but this resurgence in risk and HCV rates raises concerns that gains in HIV prevention could be reversed. In this competitive renewal of the UFO Study, a NIDA funded observational cohort focused on HIV and HCV in young IDU for the past 10 years, we propose to continue and expand our comprehensive prospective investigation of risk and disease outcomes and HCV immunology. The UFO Study is one of the most successful studies of incident and acute HCV globally. The high incidence of infection and our successful systematic data collection provides a unique opportunity to study and advance multiple scientific approaches to HCV and HIV prevention. We successfully pioneered the systematic use of anti-HCV and qualitative HCV RNA testing to identify acute incident HCV, during the pre- seroconversion period, when viral RNA levels are high, but anti-HCV is not detectable. In this application we propose to build on our successful implementation of novel testing methodologies to study how rapid HCV tests may impact risk behavior, HCV incidence, and HIV testing (Aim 1). Preliminary data suggests that this new technology is associated with reductions in injecting risk and increased HIV testing.
For aim 2, we will further develop our successful and growing cohort of serodiscordant injecting partners to allow for in-depth examination of HCV transmission;specifically to assess how viremia drives infection. Our 3rd and 4th aims with collaborators at Harvard and Johns Hopkins Universities, we propose two lines of immunological studies of protective immunity: (1) to test the hypothesis that inherent differences in the T cell response between women and men contribute to the higher likelihood of spontaneous clearance of HCV infection in female subjects, and (2) to study mechanisms underlying reclearance of HCV after reinfection. The UFO Study is uniquely poised to conduct and collaborate on these immunological studies because of our well characterized cohort, the ability to systematically sample high risk young IDU, to frequently and cost-effectively sample for HCV RNA and anti- HCV, and the high rate of acute infections detected, all of which are necessary to detect spontaneous clearance, reinfection, and reclearance. As in the past, we will place an emphasis on the role that biological sex plays with divergent infection outcomes, and for the first time will collect data on hormones and serum ferritin that we will use to assess potential mediating or direct effects the divergent outcomes to infection seen by sex. All of these aims will inform critical aspects of HCV and HIV prevention, including testing and counseling strategies and strategies to reduce transmission in injecting partnerships. The immunology studies will provide information that will inform HCV vaccine development and potentially other viral infections including HIV. With ongoing and expanding transmission of HCV, there is a critical need to more fully inform and more fully develop a prevention """"""""toolbox"""""""" to reduce blood borne infections and associated burden of disease in people who inject drugs.

Public Health Relevance

We seek a five-year renewal to support to maintain and continue our observational cohort of young adult injection drug users, studying factors that will inform and translate to prevention of HIV and HCV. We have developed significant expertise in the identification and systematic follow up of acute HCV infection, and are uniquely to research new areas of study, including: assess whether the impact of new rapid HCV tests on risk behaviors, disease incidence and HIV testing, associations between HCV viremia levels and HCV infectivity, as well as important immunological studies that will inform knowledge of protective immunity and will contribute significantly to HCV vaccine design. Collectively, our proposal will inform multiple areas relevant to combination HIV and HCV prevention.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01DA016017-12
Application #
8740797
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1)
Program Officer
Khalsa, Jagjitsingh H
Project Start
2002-09-25
Project End
2019-08-31
Budget Start
2014-09-01
Budget End
2015-08-31
Support Year
12
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center
Department
Type
DUNS #
City
Albuquerque
State
NM
Country
United States
Zip Code
87131
Morris, Meghan D; Montgomery, Martha E; Briceno, Alya et al. (2018) A Study of Sexual Relationship Power among Young Women Who Inject Drugs and Their Sexual Partners. Subst Use Misuse 53:1281-1287
Esmaeili, Aryan; Mirzazadeh, Ali; Morris, Meghan D et al. (2018) The Effect of Female Sex on Hepatitis C Incidence Among People Who Inject Drugs: Results From the International Multicohort InC3 Collaborative. Clin Infect Dis 66:20-28
Mirzazadeh, Ali; Evans, Jennifer L; Hahn, Judith A et al. (2018) Continued Transmission of HIV Among Young Adults Who Inject Drugs in San Francisco: Still Room for Improvement. AIDS Behav 22:1383-1394
Page, Kimberly; Leeman, Lawrence; Bishop, Steven et al. (2017) Hepatitis C Cascade of Care Among Pregnant Women on Opioid Agonist Pharmacotherapy Attending a Comprehensive Prenatal Program. Matern Child Health J 21:1778-1783
Rodrigo, Chaturaka; Walker, Melanie R; Leung, Preston et al. (2017) Limited naturally occurring escape in broadly neutralizing antibody epitopes in hepatitis C glycoprotein E2 and constrained sequence usage in acute infection. Infect Genet Evol 49:88-96
Rodrigo, C; Eltahla, A A; Bull, R A et al. (2017) Phylogenetic analysis of full-length, early infection, hepatitis C virus genomes among people with intravenous drug use: the InC3 Study. J Viral Hepat 24:43-52
Morris, Meghan D; Neilands, Torsten B; Andrew, Erin et al. (2017) Development and validation of a novel scale for measuring interpersonal factors underlying injection drug using behaviours among injecting partnerships. Int J Drug Policy 48:54-62
Morris, Meghan D; Shiboski, Stephen; Bruneau, Julie et al. (2017) Geographic Differences in Temporal Incidence Trends of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs: The InC3 Collaboration. Clin Infect Dis 64:860-869
Page, Kimberly; Yu, Michelle; Cohen, Jennifer et al. (2017) HCV screening in a cohort of HIV infected and uninfected homeless and marginally housed women in San Francisco, California. BMC Public Health 17:171
Wolski, David; Foote, Peter K; Chen, Diana Y et al. (2017) Early Transcriptional Divergence Marks Virus-Specific Primary Human CD8+ T Cells in Chronic versus Acute Infection. Immunity 47:648-663.e8

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