Studies are proposed to improve understanding of the structure and organization of declarative memory and the nature of memory disorders. The work is organized as three topics and involves 7 projects. Notable among the proposed projects is the extraordinary opportunity to carry out neurohistological analysis of the brains of two of our most interesting study patients (EP and AB), who passed away during the current funding period after we had studied them for 13 and 24 years, respectively. An additional salient aspect of the proposed work is the continuing opportunity to investigate memory by studying memory-impaired patients with bilateral lesions of the hippocampus or with larger medial temporal lobe lesions. Our standing population of amnesic study patients is one of the very few such populations available anywhere, and their pathology is the best characterized in terms of quantitative neuroanatomy. Neuroimaging studies of learning and memory in healthy volunteers are also proposed. Aside from the neurohistology project (A), I also propose 4 studies of the nature of recognition memory and the constructs of recollection and familiarity, with special attention to the functions of hippocampus and perirhinal cortex. B1. I propose to determine the shape of the function within hippocampus and perirhinal cortex that relates fMRI activity to memory strength; B2. I propose to assess neural activity associated with Remembering and Knowing, but after matching for memory strength; B3. I propose to assess neural activity associated with item memory and source memory using a novel approach to the ubiquitous problem of task-irrelevant recollection, which has bedeviled previous attempts to study item memory and familiarity in the absence of source memory; B4. I propose to determine the potentially differential effects of mild amnesia, more severe amnesia, and normal forgetting on the two key parameters of recognition (sometimes identified with recollection and familiarity, but which also have a more theory-neutral interpretation). Under topic C (Working memory and the medial temporal lobe), I propose two studies to ask whether the medial temporal lobe is needed for working memory. This issue has been difficult to resolve because of the challenge of knowing when performance on a task actually depends on working memory (or short-term memory) and when it depends on long-term memory. I suggest a novel approach to this issue, using a method suitable for short retention intervals. The proposed studies involve brain structures known to be important for understanding memory and memory impairment as it occurs in a variety of psychiatric and neurological conditions and as a side effect of electroconvulsive therapy. The work can provide new tests, the possibility of better and earlier diagnosis, improve understanding of the conditions that affect memory, and establish a clearer path to the development of interventions for treating and ultimately preventing diseases that affect memory.
The proposed work aims to understand the brain systems that support memory and to illuminate the nature of memory disorders. Improved knowledge about how memory works, and about how memory fails after injury or disease, lays a foundation for the development of technology and interventions that will help diagnose, treat, and prevent the psychiatric and neurological conditions that affect memory. Better knowledge about how memory works, and sometimes does not work, also provides a foundation for the assessment and treatment of age-related memory impairment, which is increasingly significant in our aging population.
| Squire, Larry R (2017) Memory for relations in the short term and the long term after medial temporal lobe damage. Hippocampus 27:608-612 |
| Ocampo, Amber C; Squire, Larry R; Clark, Robert E (2017) Hippocampal area CA1 and remote memory in rats. Learn Mem 24:563-568 |
| Smith, Christine N; Squire, Larry R (2017) When eye movements express memory for old and new scenes in the absence of awareness and independent of hippocampus. Learn Mem 24:95-103 |
| Urgolites, Zhisen J; Hopkins, Ramona O; Squire, Larry R (2017) Medial temporal lobe and topographical memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:8626-8630 |
| Urgolites, Zhisen J; Kim, Soyun; Hopkins, Ramona O et al. (2016) Map reading, navigating from maps, and the medial temporal lobe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:14289-14293 |
| Sapiurka, Maya; Squire, Larry R; Clark, Robert E (2016) Distinct roles of hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex in spatial and nonspatial memory. Hippocampus 26:1515-1524 |
| Dede, Adam J O; Wixted, John T; Hopkins, Ramona O et al. (2016) Autobiographical memory, future imagining, and the medial temporal lobe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:13474-13479 |
| Dede, Adam J O; Frascino, Jennifer C; Wixted, John T et al. (2016) Learning and remembering real-world events after medial temporal lobe damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:13480-13485 |
| Smith, Christine N; Jeneson, Annette; Frascino, Jennifer C et al. (2014) When recognition memory is independent of hippocampal function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:9935-40 |
| Smith, Christine N (2014) Retrograde memory for public events in mild cognitive impairment and its relationship to anterograde memory and neuroanatomy. Neuropsychology 28:959-72 |
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