In central nervous system pathologies, including multiple sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord and traumatic injuries, scar formation consisting of reactive astrocytes and deposition of extracellular matrix is a major inhibitor of tissue repair. The molecular mechanisms that trigger astrocyte activation in nervous system disease remain incompletely characterized. We have shown that the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR regulates repair processes by inhibiting fibrin degradation and regulating cell differentiation. Our long-term goal is to characterize the molecular pathways that are responsible for the effects of p75NTR in nervous system pathogenesis, as a prerequisite for the development of therapeutic protocols that can specifically target p75NTR signaling and attenuate neuropathological disease processes. Our major hypothesis is that intramembrane proteolysis of p75NTR regulates TGF-? signaling to control astrocyte functions during development and disease. Our preliminary data demonstrate that a) the intracellular domain of p75NTR (p75ICD) is a novel component of the nuclear pore complex in astrocytes, b) p75NTR directly binds to the natively unfolded FG-domain of nucleoporin 153 (Nup153), c) TGF-? induces 3-secretase-dependant cleavage of p75NTR resulting in its translocation inside the nuclear pore, d) p75NTR regulates of Smad2, and e) p75NTR regulates astrocyte differentiation and TGF-? functions in the CNS in vivo.
Our specific aims are designed to test our working model, in which intramembrane cleavage of p75NTR results in remodeling of the nuclear pore complex that allows nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Smad2 and induces astrocyte differentiation and activation. We employ a multiphaceted experimental design that includes transgenic models of TGF?-induced astrocyte activation, generation of new transgenic mice for cell-fate mapping of p75NTR - expressing cells, atomic force microscopy and three-dimensional electron tomography to determine the role of cleaved p75NTR in the dynamic remodeling of the nuclear pore complex in astrocytes, and biochemical experiments to define how p75NTR cleavage regulates Smad2 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and its coupling to the TGF? transcriptional machinery. Identifying the molecular interplay between p75NTR and TGF? signaling pathways could potentially provide injury-specific targets for pharmacological intervention in a variety of diseases characterized by astrocyte scar formation and decreased capacity for tissue repair.
The astrocyte scar is a major inhibitor for regeneration in the CNS. Study of the molecular interplay between p75NTR and TGF? signaling pathways as a novel mechanism that regulates astrocyte activation could potentially provide injury-specific targets for pharmacological intervention in a variety of diseases characterized by astrocyte scar formation and decreased capacity for tissue repair.
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