Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating and relatively common disease affecting as many as 50,000 people annually in the United States alone. ICH remains associated with poor outcome, and approximately 40 to 50% of afflicted patients will die within 30 days. Unfortunately, little improvement has been made in the ICH associated mortality rate over the last 20 years. Using the traditional preclinical ICH animals models, clostridial collagenase-induced hemorrhage and autologous blood injection, a growing body of literature indicates that specific mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades and other signaling pathways become activated following ICH. Activation of the MAPK proteins p38, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), and Extracellular signal-Related Kinase (ERK) have been reported and these molecular observations suggest new approaches that can be exploited for development of novel therapies for ICH. Apoliopoprotein E (apoE) is a 299 amino acid protein with multiple biological properties. In addition to its function in cholesterol metabolism, apoE has been demonstrated to play a uniquely important role in modifying the CNS response to injury, and in the case of ICH, a pharmacogenomic effect has been demonstrated where APOE4 carriers suffer worse outcome relative to their APOE3 counterparts. Cognosci has recently developed novel apoE-based therapeutics that cross the blood brain barrier and exert neuroprotective and anti- inflammatory activities. In mechanistic studies we have demonstrated that COG1410, an optimized apoE- based peptide, suppresses phosphorylation and the accompanying activation of MAP kinases including p38, JNK, and ERK. Suppression of MAPK activation is consistent with the observation of reduced inflammation and may reduce the occurrence of neurodegeneration following ICH. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that apoE-mimetic peptides provide direct neuroprotective effects on neurons in vitro by inhibiting the excitotoxic activity of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA). Neuroprotective activity was also demonstrated in vivo following oxygen depravation in a perinatal hypoxia model of ischemic injury. We performed an initial evaluation of COG1410 in the collagenase model of ICH and found that COG1410 improved outcome as measured by motor function and neuroseverity scores. Based on these observations, we now propose to measure the effect of different doses of COG1410, administered after the hemorrhage, on neurological outcome to determine the optimal dose. Further, we propose to determine the effect of COG1410 treatment on the phosphorylation status of key MAPK signal transduction proteins following ICH. By completing this work we will obtain proof of principle that will form the basis for preclinical studies required to file an Investigational New Drug application with the FDA to initiate human clinical trials for this important orphan indication.
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating and relatively common disease affecting as many as 50,000 people annually in the United States alone. ICH remains associated with poor outcome, and approximately 40 to 50% of afflicted patients will die within 30 days. Unfortunately, little improvement has been made in the ICH associated mortality rate over the last 20 years. Using the traditional preclinical ICH animals models, clostridial collagenase-induced hemorrhage and autologous blood injection, a growing body of literature indicates that specific mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades and other signaling pathways become activated following ICH. Activation of the MAPK proteins p38, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), and Extracellular signal-Related Kinase (ERK) have been reported and these molecular observations suggest new approaches that can be exploited for development of novel therapies for ICH. Apoliopoprotein E (apoE) is a 299 amino acid protein with multiple biological properties. In addition to its function in cholesterol metabolism, apoE has been demonstrated to play a uniquely important role in modifying the CNS response to injury, and in the case of ICH, a pharmacogenomic effect has been demonstrated where APOE4 carriers suffer worse outcome relative to their APOE3 counterparts. Cognosci has recently developed novel apoE-based therapeutics that cross the blood brain barrier and exert neuroprotective and anti- inflammatory activities. In mechanistic studies we have demonstrated that COG1410, an optimized apoE- based peptide, suppresses phosphorylation and the accompanying activation of MAP kinases including p38, JNK, and ERK. Suppression of MAPK activation is consistent with the observation of reduced inflammation and may reduce the occurrence of neurodegeneration following ICH. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that apoE-mimetic peptides provide direct neuroprotective effects on neurons in vitro by inhibiting the excitotoxic activity of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA). Neuroprotective activity was also demonstrated in vivo following oxygen deprivation in a perinatal hypoxia model of ischemic injury. We performed an initial evaluation of COG1410 in the collagenase model of ICH and found that COG1410 improved outcome as measured by motor function and neuroseverity scores. Based on these observations, we now propose to measure the effect of different doses of COG1410, administered after the hemorrhage, on neurological outcome to determine the optimal dose. Further, we propose to determine the effect of COG1410 treatment on the phosphorylation status of key MAPK signal transduction proteins following ICH. By completing this work we will obtain proof of principle that will form the basis for preclinical studies required to file an Investigational New Drug application with the FDA to initiate human clinical trials for this important orphan indication.
