A novel pneumonia caused by a previously unknown betacoronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The virus is closely related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV-1), which led to an outbreak in 2003, and has been named SARS-CoV-2. The human disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is called COVID-19. During the current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the incidence of known cases has rapidly increased such that, on January 5, 2020, there were 59 confirmed cases, 278 cases on January 20, 2118 cases on January 26, and more than 80,000 cases and 2700 deaths as of February 25, 2020, according to various international health reporting agencies. As a result, on January 30, 2020, the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. On January 31, 2020, the US Department of Health and Human Services declared a public health emergency in the United States. As of March 21, 2020, there are 297,090 cases of COVID-19, including 22,177 cases in the United States (US), resulting in a total of 12,755 deaths globally. Despite quarantine measures, SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread (1). Outbreak forecasting and modeling suggest that these numbers will continue to rise (2). At present, there is no specific antiviral therapy for COVID-19. Few treatment studies have been conducted because most human CoV strains cause self-limited disease, and care is supportive. After SARS-CoV-1 was identified in 2002-2003 and caused a large global outbreak, there was an increased interest in the development of specific therapeutic agents. SARS-CoV-1 patients were treated with corticosteroids, type 1 IFN agents, convalescent plasma, ribavirin, and lopinavir or ritonavir; except for ribavirin, many of these agents have in vitro pre-clinical data that support their efficacy (3-11). Since the SARS-CoV-1 outbreak in 2002-2003, new therapeutic agents targeting viral entry proteins, proteases, polymerases, and methyltransferases have been tested; however, none of them has been shown to be efficacious in clinical trials (12-19). Recent press-release and non-peer reviewed information suggests potential efficacy for a subset of SARS-CoV-2 patients, but this remains to be reviewed and presented in peer-reviewed formats with sufficient granularity to be clinically impactful. Given the continued spread of and lack of specific antiviral therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection, this project will support additional testing and research to identify persons with SARS-CoV-2, and support infrastructure to increase testing and conduct research on SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics and prevention in a safe and innovative environment.
This project aims to test approximately 3,500 homeless or unstably domiciled individuals for COVID-19 using mid-nasal self-swabs in the Downtown Los Angeles area. Self-swabs correlate well with the standard-of-care nasopharyngeal swabs but can be self-administered, thereby minimizing HCW contact, and reducing use of scarce swab/media and PPE resources. We will link all persons who test positive to appropriate care and quarantine to limit disease spread as per LAC DPH guidelines.
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