of work: The reality of traits and the validity of trait measures are both confirmed by evidence of consensual validation--agreement of independent observers on the trait standing of a given target. Cultural psychologists have proposed that traits are not relevant to human behavior in collectivistic societies, where behavior is governed by interpersonal relationships. However, a review of cross-cultural studies of cross-observer agreement and new data from Russia and the Czech Republic demonstrated comparable levels of consensual validation in collectivistic as in individualistic countries. Patterns of mean trait levels across a variety of cultures can thus be meaningfully compared. An analysis of similarity of personality profiles in a sample of 36 cultures showed that personality traits are geographically ordered. Countries that are geographically close tended to be similar in personality traits; Western nations were, in general, higher in Extraversion and Openness and lower in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness than were African and African nations. Both cross-cultural and longitudinal studies on personality, stress, and coping will continue.
| Terracciano, Antonio; McCrae, Robert R (2007) Perceptions of Americans and the Iraq Invasion: Implications for Understanding National Character Stereotypes. J Cross Cult Psychol 38:695-710 |
| Terracciano, Antonio; McCrae, Robert R; Costa Jr, Paul T (2006) Longitudinal trajectories in Guilford-Zimmerman temperament survey data: results from the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 61:P108-16 |
| Terracciano, Antonio; Costa Jr, Paul T; McCrae, Robert R (2006) Personality plasticity after age 30. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 32:999-1009 |
| Costa Jr, Paul T; McCrae, Robert R (2006) Age changes in personality and their origins: comment on Roberts, Walton, and Viechtbauer (2006). Psychol Bull 132:26-8 |
| McCrae, Robert R; Terracciano, Antonio; Personality Profiles of Cultures Project (2005) Universal features of personality traits from the observer's perspective: data from 50 cultures. J Pers Soc Psychol 88:547-61 |
| Terracciano, Antonio; McCrae, Robert R; Brant, Larry J et al. (2005) Hierarchical linear modeling analyses of the NEO-PI-R scales in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Psychol Aging 20:493-506 |
| McCrae, Robert R; Terracciano, Antonio (2005) Personality profiles of cultures: aggregate personality traits. J Pers Soc Psychol 89:407-25 |
| Costa Jr, Paul T; Bagby, R Michael; Herbst, Jeffrey H et al. (2005) Personality self-reports are concurrently reliable and valid during acute depressive episodes. J Affect Disord 89:45-55 |
| Terracciano, A; Abdel-Khalek, A M; Adam, N et al. (2005) National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science 310:96-100 |
| Weiss, Alexander; Costa Jr, Paul T; Karuza, Jurgis et al. (2005) Cross-sectional age differences in personality among medicare patients aged 65 to 100. Psychol Aging 20:182-5 |
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