Solar plasma energetics is a subject which has applications not only to astronomers but also to practical applications for nuclear fusion containment (tokamaks) and the disruption of the Earth's magneto-sphere and radio communications. In a previous award the Principal Investigator (PI) has combined simultaneous observations from x-ray satellites and the ground observatory in Hawaii to follow the development of solar flares at high time resolution. His results show for the first time that momentum is conserved in flare plasma (gas), a conclusion which puts significance constraints on models of flare development in the solar chromo- sphere and lower corona. The new award is an Accomplishment Based Renewal Award based on the long-term excellent record of his group. The new work will extend his work to a number of new areas, including new spectral lines carrying separate information and observations of active solar-type stars. The latter group is designed to determine whether the extent to which certain processes responsible for solar flare production are at play in these stars, thus advancing the place of solar flare physics in the research area known as the "solar-stellar connection."
