The educational portion of this project concentrates on updating and revitalizing a set of natural science courses specifically designed for elementary education majors. These courses have broader content than normal introductory science courses, are intensively "hand-on", and are limited to 40 students per section. The PI will update an existing course, and develop two new courses relating to environmental Earth Science. The research portion of the project is centered on adsorption, dissolution-growth, and electron transfer processes are closely linked, and a better fundamental understanding of them is needed in order to more fully understand the many roles of Fe as a globally (and environmentally) important electron transfer mediator.