This project will continue and extend the P.I.'s path-breaking work in studying the learning mechanisms at work in the cerebral cortex of mammals. The learning algorithms now popular in neuroengineering are not powerful enough to explain these mechanisms; the P.I. has studied the reasons why, and is working to develop more powerful algorithms. He is working closely with neurobiologists to find new evidence for what kinds of mechanisms are actually used in the brain, at a very detailed level.