This project extends and evaluates a stochastic model for the development of status structures in face-to-face discussion groups. The model, grounded in expectation states theory, proposes solutions to several problems in face-to-face group interaction that involve patterns of inequality and differences in participation. The will involve groups with six members, which allows investigation of new patterns of interaction between the group leader and other members and which should elicit `bystander effects,` or expectations in members that arise from their observations of others. Data from this study will be recorded on video tape, coded, and archived in a manner that allows further analysis by these and other investigators. The project will be conducted in collaboration with Webster and Whitmeyer at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte, who have been funded under grant SBR9729979.