Disorders of memory remain a major health care burden in the United States. As the population ages, the prevalence of aging-associated cognitive decline is expected to grow. Effective treatment of memory disorders is lacking, and novel pharmacological approaches are necessary. Despite a burgeoning body of research dedicated to the study of memory and its dysfunction in disease states, details behind the molecular regulation of memory remains elusive. Recent studies point to a novel function of epigenetic mechanisms in memory formation. Epigenetics has traditionally been described as a set of heritable molecular mechanisms that stably influence gene expression;these reports indicate the largely postmitotic brain has co-opted these processes for both dynamic and persistent regulation of transcription. Investigations into neuronal activity- dependent methylation of DNA at cytosine bases and covalent modification of histones, core chromatin constituents closely opposed to DNA, confirm functional roles of these mechanisms in memory formation. DNA methyltransferases catalyze active DNA methylation, but virtually no consistent evidence existed for a molecular regulator of the reverse reaction. Two recent studies, however, uncover the role of the Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 45 (Gadd45) family in DNA demethylation. Notably, the expression of the beta isoform responds to neuronal depolarization in the hippocampus, a brain region critical to memory processing. The function of Gadd45b as a mediator of DNA demethylation and as an immediate early gene suggests that it potentially induces DNA demethylation in memory formation. The purpose of this research proposal is to study the contribution of Gadd45b in hippocampus-dependent memory formation. A genetic approach using mice with engineered deletion of the gadd45b locus will be employed to address this question. To study the function of Gadd45b in memory formation, wildtype and mutant mice will be assessed in a behavioral battery designed to study memory and baseline behavior. Long-term memory consolidation is subserved by lasting changes in synaptic efficacy, a phenomenon known as synaptic plasticity. To study the function of Gadd45b in hippocampal long-term potentiation, hippocampal recordings from both genotypes will be taken. Further studies are designed to study the genetic targets of Gadd45b-mediated demethylation. Pharmacological induction of DNA demethylation in slices will be performed to gauge putative targets. Finally, an in vivo approach will be taken;animals will be trained in an associative memory task, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the hippocampus will be studied. Preliminary data indicate a suppressive function of Gadd45b in memory consolidation. This suggests DNA methylation and demethylation perform opposing functions not only in molecular processes but also in behavior. The proposed study is designed to investigate the breadth of the ethological, physiological and molecular role of DNA demethylation in further detail.
Burgeoning evidence points to the therapeutic benefits of inhibiting histone deacetylases in a number of neurodegenerative and cognitive disease states (21, 45, 48, 49, 67). No parallel target in the DNA methylation machinery, however, is currently known. Preliminary results from this study and further insights into the suppressive function of DNA demethylation in memory could uncover Gadd45b and other mediators of this molecular event as a second class of neuroepigenetic drug targets.
| Sultan, Faraz A (2013) Dissection of Different Areas from Mouse Hippocampus. Bio Protoc 3: |
| Sultan, Faraz A; Wang, Jing; Tront, Jennifer et al. (2012) Genetic deletion of Gadd45b, a regulator of active DNA demethylation, enhances long-term memory and synaptic plasticity. J Neurosci 32:17059-66 |
