Nighttime agitation and sleep disturbance in persons with dementia (PWD) causes patient suffering, may accelerate cognitive decline, leads to burdened caregivers, and is costly to manage. Pharmacological interventions are primarily antipsychotics and hypnotics. Effectiveness is unconvincing, and these drugs are associated with falls, strokes, and death. There is a lack of tailored, effective, and sustainable treatments for nighttime agitation and sleep disturbance in PWD. Our approach to this problem is innovative because, unlike pharmacological interventions in the past, it tailors the intervention t a treatable condition, restless legs syndrome (RLS), which may be causing the nighttime agitation and sleep disturbance. In our previous research we showed that about 24% of PWD have an undiagnosed sleep disorder, RLS; that RLS was associated with nighttime agitation and sleep disturbance in PWD; and we developed and validated an RLS diagnostic and outcome measure suitable for PWD. In order for our work to significantly impact standards of clinical practice, evidence is needed on whether RLS behaviors cause nighttime agitation, and if treating RLS behaviors reduces or stops nighttime agitation and improves sleep in PWD. We have chosen gabapentin encarbil (GEn), as the RLS treatment in this research because it is FDA approved for RLS and has a favorable safety profile. We propose an 8-week, double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of GEn versus placebo in 120 nursing home residents with nighttime agitation, sleep disturbance, and RLS.
The specific aims of this pilot study are to: 1) Determine the effect of GEn, compared to placebo on nighttime agitation (primary endpoint) in PWD with RLS. We hypothesize that compared to the placebo control group, the treatment group will have fewer nighttime agitation behaviors. 2) Describe the safety profile of GEn compared to placebo in this population. 3) Estimate the effect size of GEn compared to placebo on nighttime sleep and RLS behaviors. We hypothesize that compared to the placebo control group, the treatment group will have better nighttime sleep and fewer RLS behaviors. 4) Explore whether frequency of RLS behaviors is a causal mechanism for nighttime agitation. We hypothesize that frequency of RLS behaviors will mediate the effect of GEn on nighttime agitation behaviors. The results of this study and future definitive trials have the potential to radically shift and drastically improve standards of clinical practice for assessment and treatment of three highly prevalent, often comorbid conditions in PWD: RLS, nighttime agitation, and sleep disturbance. For scientists, our results may provide insight into the mechanism for nighttime agitation and sleep disturbance in PWD and inform future research. For PWD, our findings may result in less nighttime agitation and discomfort from RLS, improved nighttime sleep, and improved sleep may enhance daytime cognitive functioning and quality of life. Application of our findings into the home setting may result in fewer nursing home admissions for PWD and less caregiver burden because the PWD (and their caregivers) can get more sleep.
This research addresses a critical problem-lack of tailored; effective; and sustainable treatments for nighttime agitation and sleep disturbance in persons with dementia. The purpose of this project is to determine if; by identifying and treating restlesslegs syndrome in persons with dementia who have nighttime agitation and sleep disturbance; their nighttime agitation can be reduced and their sleep can be improved. Findings from this project may reduce discomfort for persons with dementia; relieve caregiver burden; and delay institutionalization.
| Ye, Lichuan; Richards, Kathy C (2018) Sleep and Long-Term Care. Sleep Med Clin 13:117-125 |
| Richards, Kathy C; Kovach, Christine R (2017) Comorbid Nighttime Agitation, Sleep Disturbance, and Restless Legs Syndrome: What Next? Res Gerontol Nurs 10:151-153 |
