The role of modifiable risk factors (RF), like physical activity (PA), sleep quality, social engagement, and cardiovascular (CV) risk is receiving greater attention to promote the cognitive health of an aging population and reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease. Each of these risk factors is known to be influenced by environmental sources, such as neighborhood walkability, safety, noise, and access to low-cost transportation, retail, and healthy food sources. However, little is known about the role of neighborhood factors as drivers of cognitive aging and risk for Alzheimer's disease. If neighborhood matters, adaptations in the use of available infrastructures have the potential to impact thousands at a time. Those neighborhood factors that most impact individual RF and cognitive health to reduce Alzheimer's disease risk may further differ by race and sex. Evaluating the role of neighborhood characteristics on cognitive health is difficult to interpret from more widely used cross-sectional data due to residual confounding. Therefore, investigating how residentially stable older adults are affected by their local stable and changing contexts and how older adults who relocate to a new neighborhood may respond to their new context by changing health behaviors requires long-term study during the last 1/3 of life years prior to the onset of Alzheimer's disease. The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) represents an ideal cohort for studying interactions between individual health and neighborhood risk factors for various reasons. First, participants were well characterized for key modifiable RF, above, as well as cognition, and mobility. Second, the cohort is nationally representative, bi-racial and spans socioeconomically diverse, urban and rural neighborhoods, allowing us to examine the relation between individual risk and variability in neighborhood factors. Third, our proposal seeks to address the research challenges and opportunities articulated in the NIA Health Disparities Research Framework by examining interactions between environment, biology and behavior. We hypothesize that long-term exposure to neighborhood disadvantage may serve as a common cause of individual risk factors and neurocognitive and functional health, particularly in socio-demographically at-risk groups.
Specific aims are to characterize associations between long-term neighborhood exposures and: 1) individual rates of decline and impairment in cognition and physical function; 2) individual risk factors (PA, sleep quality, social engagement and CV burden) for Alzheimer's disease, which may mediate neighborhood differences in cognitive and functional risk, and; 3) whether specific neighborhood exposures account for racial and sex differences in cognitive and functional risk. Addressing these questions in the CHS provides an unmatched opportunity to examine the influence of a range of neighborhood factors on long-term trajectories of cognitive and functional aging prior to the onset of Alzheimer's disease. This work will inform future design of multi-level approaches to target those neighborhood factors impacting multiple RF to optimize healthful activity, reduce health disparities, and help adults remain active and age in place. 1

Public Health Relevance

We propose to evaluate in the 30-year Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) whether long-term exposure to neighborhood disadvantage may serve as a common cause of individual risk factors and neurocognitive and functional health, particularly in groups at elevated risk for Alzheimer's disease by characterizing associations between long-term neighborhood exposures and: 1) individual rates of decline and impairment in cognition and physical function; 2) individual risk factors (physical activity, sleep quality, social support, and subclinical cardiovascular disease) for Alzheimer's disease, which may mediate neighborhood differences in neurocognitive and functional risk, and; 3) whether specific neighborhood exposures account for racial and sex differences in cognitive and functional risk. Addressing these questions in the CHS provides an unmatched opportunity to examine the influence of a range of neighborhood factors on long-term trajectories of cognitive and functional aging prior to the onset of AD to inform future design of multi-level approaches to target those factors impacting multiple healthful activities. 1

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AG055404-02
Application #
9696724
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1)
Program Officer
King, Jonathan W
Project Start
2018-05-15
Project End
2022-04-30
Budget Start
2019-05-15
Budget End
2020-04-30
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2019
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Johns Hopkins University
Department
Other Health Professions
Type
Schools of Public Health
DUNS #
001910777
City
Baltimore
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
21205