Significant effort has been put toward developing therapies targeted at amyloid-? peptide (A?), the hallmark toxic aggregatory protein associated with AD. Unfortunately, A? targeted therapies have resulted in several costly Phase III clinical failures. This research focuses on developing novel cognition enhancing agents which do not directly target A? but may reverse the effects of A? on cognitive function and provide neurorestorative effects by up-regulating neurogenic gene products. Nitric oxide (NO) mimetics activate an intracellular 2nd messenger known as soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) leading to increased cyclic GMP (cGMP) production and increased phosphorylation/activation of cAMP response element binding protein- CREB (pCREB). CREB phosphorylation is recognized as being a crucial regulator of synaptic plasticity, resulting in the production of pro-growth gene products, such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and enhanced synaptic transmission. NO/cGMP/CREB signaling is disrupted in AD via A?-mediated inhibition of NO-induced CREB phosphorylation and synaptic plasticity. Reversal of A? induced memory impairment via agents which activate NO/cGMP signaling results in improved cognitive function. Hence, NO/cGMP activating agents show potential for the treatment of AD. Furoxans are a class of thiol-dependent NO mimetics which may hold potential as novel neurorestorative therapies. Furoxans are distinct because they exhibit `tunable' NO mimetic effects. A unique molecular structure distinguishes furoxans from classical NO mimetic nitrates and makes it possible to engineer molecules with significantly reduced rates of NO mimetic activity. HPLC-MS/MS analysis reveals that furoxan reactivity can be manipulated in a predictable manner to avoid the adverse systemic hypotensive side-effects associated with transient fluxes of NO. Preliminary studies indicate furoxans have good brain penetration, neuroprotective activity, and cognition enhancing effects via NO/cGMP/CREB signaling. This project represents a hit-to-lead optimization campaign for the development of furoxans as novel agents for AD. Our approach includes- 1) synthesis of novel analogs and preliminary screening in PC12 cells for protection against oxidative stress; 2) Counter screening active analogs in a focused in vitro pharmacokinetic battery; 3) validating efficacy to improve synaptic function (ex vivo LTP experiments) and protect primary cortical neurons from A? induced toxicity; 4) a focused PK/PD study to define a relationship between orally administered furoxan, unbound furoxan in the hippocampus, and engagement of NO/cGMP signaling. A brief dose escalation study will confirm that furoxans do not affect systemic blood pressure or possess acute toxicity prior to conducting a pilot in vivo efficacy in 3xTg transgenic AD mice. Primary outcomes focus on the ability to improve spatial working and contextual fear memory in 3xTg mice.

Public Health Relevance

Breakthroughs in medical science have resulted in improved survival-rates and ultimately a greater prevalence of a variety of devastating neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease. Current AD therapies provide temporary symptomatic relief and there is no apparent cure on the verge of regulatory approval. A new therapy capable of providing even modest symptomatic relief would be a significant breakthrough. This work focuses on developing a novel class of small molecules which may provide neurorestorative effects and could combat the memory loss associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AG057598-04
Application #
10122880
Study Section
Drug Discovery for the Nervous System Study Section (DDNS)
Program Officer
Refolo, Lorenzo
Project Start
2018-04-15
Project End
2023-01-31
Budget Start
2021-02-01
Budget End
2022-01-31
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2021
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Toledo
Department
Biochemistry
Type
Schools of Pharmacy
DUNS #
807418939
City
Toledo
State
OH
Country
United States
Zip Code
43614