The leukocyte integrins X2 and M2 are important in inflammatory responses of myeloid and dendritic cells. They bind a range of ligands including iC3b, and are complement receptors CR4 and CR3. Upon cell activation, integrins change shape and bind ligand (inside-out signaling). Understanding the molecular basis of this structural alteration is of great importance. The long-term goal of this application is to understand at the atomic level 1) how allostery in M2 and X2 is transmitted from the juxtamembrane regions through the lower legs, upper legs, and I domain, to the ligand-binding I domain, 2) how ligands such as iC3b bind, 3) how small molecule antagonists inhibit ligand binding by disrupting allostery, and 4) how ligand binding and conformation are regulated in terms of the energetics of different conformational states. This proposal builds on our previous progress in determining crystal and EM structures of X2, EM structures of the complement component C3 and its products, and EM structures of X2 bound to iC3b and C3c. A new crystal form of the bent X2 ectodomain will be characterized, in which the X I domain is open, X Glu-318 binds to the 2 I MIDAS and other residues move out of contact with I and reshape to form an intrinsic ligand structure. The 2 I domain shifts to an intermediate state. The crystal structure of an X2 headpiece with an I-open/I- open conformation will reveal I opening and hybrid domain swing-out. Mutational studies will examine the - and -genus, features that regulate I-I signal relay, Gly residues in the I 1-helix, an I linker disulfide, and specific structural features that regulate the equilibrium between integrin conformational states. Basis for selectivity of X2 for iC3b versus other complement products will be examined using surface plasmon resonance with high affinity mutant X2. The basis of affinity regulation, and the energetics of different X2 conformational states, will be examined by employing different mutations, and measuring affinities for ligand and six Fab specific for the closed headpiece, open headpiece, or extended conformations. Finally, the structure of the X2 headpiece bound to C3c will reveal the basis for specific ligand recognition and selectivity of X2 for iC3b.
Leukocyte integrins are important in defense against infection. This grant deepens our understanding of their structure and function, and is enabling for treatment of disease and improvement of therapeutics for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
| Xu, Shutong; Wang, Jianchuan; Wang, Jia-Huai et al. (2017) Distinct recognition of complement iC3b by integrins ?X?2 and ?M?2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:3403-3408 |
| Sen, Mehmet; Springer, Timothy A (2016) Leukocyte integrin ?L?2 headpiece structures: The ?I domain, the pocket for the internal ligand, and concerted movements of its loops. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:2940-5 |
| Sen, Mehmet; Yuki, Koichi; Springer, Timothy A (2013) An internal ligand-bound, metastable state of a leukocyte integrin, ?X?2. J Cell Biol 203:629-42 |
| Chen, Xing; Yu, Yamei; Mi, Li-Zhi et al. (2012) Molecular basis for complement recognition by integrin ?X?2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:4586-91 |
| Chen, Xing; Xie, Can; Nishida, Noritaka et al. (2010) Requirement of open headpiece conformation for activation of leukocyte integrin alphaXbeta2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:14727-32 |
| Xie, Can; Zhu, Jianghai; Chen, Xing et al. (2010) Structure of an integrin with an alphaI domain, complement receptor type 4. EMBO J 29:666-79 |
| Mi, Li-Zhi; Grey, Michael J; Nishida, Noritaka et al. (2008) Functional and structural stability of the epidermal growth factor receptor in detergent micelles and phospholipid nanodiscs. Biochemistry 47:10314-23 |
| Vorup-Jensen, Thomas; Chi, Lianli; Gjelstrup, Louise C et al. (2007) Binding between the integrin alphaXbeta2 (CD11c/CD18) and heparin. J Biol Chem 282:30869-77 |
| Luo, Bing-Hao; Carman, Christopher V; Springer, Timothy A (2007) Structural basis of integrin regulation and signaling. Annu Rev Immunol 25:619-47 |
| Nishida, Noritaka; Xie, Can; Shimaoka, Motomu et al. (2006) Activation of leukocyte beta2 integrins by conversion from bent to extended conformations. Immunity 25:583-94 |
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