The host response to viral infection is complex and must balance inhibiting replication of the pathogen (disease resistance) with limiting damage to the host (disease tolerance). A key mediator of the host response to viral infection are type I interferons and the hundreds of interferon stimulated genes they induce. Among these, the ubiquitin-like protein ISG15, functions as an antiviral protein, limiting replication of many viruses. Our studies have demonstrated that ISG15 can also regulate the host response and recovery from viral infection, independent of any effects on viral replication, a process known as disease tolerance. During respiratory viral infection we have detected increased epithelial damage in both cells and mice lacking ISG15. In this proposal we will explore the mechanism by which ISG15 protects the epithelium from damage during acute viral infection.
In Aim 1 we will determine if ISG15 protects the host by regulating the type of cell death, apoptosis vs. necroptosis, initiated in respiratory epithelial cells during acute viral infection.
In Aim 2 we will determine if ISG15, through its interactions with RIPK1 and RIPK3, functions as a molecular switch to regulate the induction of necroptosis and apoptosis during influenza A virus infection. Understanding the mechanism by which ISG15 protects the host from viral infection, both through inhibition of viral replication and by limiting the damage induced to the host may lead to the development of therapies that target this pathway and can be used for the treatment of acute viral infections.
During viral infections many genes are turned on by the host to limit replication of the virus and to protect the host from damage during the infection. Our goal is to understand the mechanisms by which one of these genes, ISG15, protects the respiratory epithelium from damage induced by viral infection, with the notion that this information can help to design novel therapies to limit damage caused by acute infection.
| Kimmey, Jacqueline M; Campbell, Jessica A; Weiss, Leslie A et al. (2017) The impact of ISGylation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Microbes Infect 19:249-258 |
| Sun, Lulu; Miyoshi, Hiroyuki; Origanti, Sofia et al. (2015) Type I interferons link viral infection to enhanced epithelial turnover and repair. Cell Host Microbe 17:85-97 |
| Ketscher, Lars; Hannß, Ronny; Morales, David J et al. (2015) Selective inactivation of USP18 isopeptidase activity in vivo enhances ISG15 conjugation and viral resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:1577-82 |
| Morales, David J; Lenschow, Deborah J (2013) The antiviral activities of ISG15. J Mol Biol 425:4995-5008 |
| Campbell, Jessica A; Lenschow, Deborah J (2013) Emerging roles for immunomodulatory functions of free ISG15. J Interferon Cytokine Res 33:728-38 |
| Joubert, Pierre-Emmanuel; Werneke, Scott W; de la Calle, Claire et al. (2012) Chikungunya virus-induced autophagy delays caspase-dependent cell death. J Exp Med 209:1029-47 |
| Werneke, Scott W; Schilte, Clementine; Rohatgi, Anjali et al. (2011) ISG15 is critical in the control of Chikungunya virus infection independent of UbE1L mediated conjugation. PLoS Pathog 7:e1002322 |
| Versteeg, Gijs A; Hale, Benjamin G; van Boheemen, Sander et al. (2010) Species-specific antagonism of host ISGylation by the influenza B virus NS1 protein. J Virol 84:5423-30 |
| Lenschow, Deborah J (2010) Antiviral Properties of ISG15. Viruses 2:2154-68 |
| Giannakopoulos, Nadia V; Arutyunova, Elena; Lai, Caroline et al. (2009) ISG15 Arg151 and the ISG15-conjugating enzyme UbE1L are important for innate immune control of Sindbis virus. J Virol 83:1602-10 |
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