Tuberculosis is a persistent human pathogen that threatens the health of people throughout the world, especially in developing countries. Although tuberculosis is both a treatable and preventable condition, current public health strategies that focus on directly observed therapy have failed to control the disease in Sub-Saharan Africa where tuberculosis control is compounded by the HIV epidemic, the emergence of multi-drug resistant disease, and fragile infrastructure for public health. One reason for the limited success of this strategy is that it is a prescription of treatment of tuberculosis, it doesnot prevent subsequent cases among contacts of infectious cases. This proposal is designed around a new paradigm for tuberculosis control that is built upon a basic tenet in epidemic theory. That is, tuberculosis epidemics are perpetuated when one case is replaced by one or more cases among contacts. Unless subsequent cases are prevented, there will be little progress with tuberculosis control. Case studies, molecular epidemiology and community trials all point to transmission in the community as the driving force behind tuberculosis epidemics. The scientific goal of this project is to understand transmission of M. tuberculosis in an urban African setting. The extended, applied goal is to add cost-effective strategies aimed at interrupting transmission of M. tuberculosis to current global approaches to tuberculosis control. To address the Specific Aims of this proposal, we will conduct two inter-related epidemiologic studies in the Rubaga Division of Kampala Uganda. We will perform a cross-sectional study that compares the social networks, mixing patterns, microbial networks, individual risk characteristics, and geographic context between index tuberculosis cases and neighborhood matched controls. We will also perform a case- cohort study within a prospective cohort to determine the incidence of new tuberculosis infection and relate it to high risk environments, mixing patterns and geographic location of social networks. This application has been revised according to the recommendations of the study section and now includes the results of a pilot project. The results further support the basic premise of the study and show its feasibility. The proposed projects will integrate methods from diverse fields such as molecular epidemiology, social network analysis, and geographic information systems to open up a new way to approach tuberculosis control that will exert a sustained and powerful influence on the field.

Public Health Relevance

This proposal addresses the globally important problem of tuberculosis. Through the study of social networks of tuberculosis cases, the project will seek to fill gaps in our knowledge about the spread of tuberculosis in African cities. By the conclusion of this project, we hope to have valid evidence on which to base new ways to control tuberculosis that mitigate or block transmission.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI093856-02
Application #
8447406
Study Section
Clinical Research and Field Studies of Infectious Diseases Study Section (CRFS)
Program Officer
Mason, Robin M
Project Start
2012-04-01
Project End
2017-03-31
Budget Start
2013-04-01
Budget End
2014-03-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$545,297
Indirect Cost
$82,984
Name
University of Georgia
Department
Public Health & Prev Medicine
Type
Schools of Public Health
DUNS #
004315578
City
Athens
State
GA
Country
United States
Zip Code
30602
Sekandi, Juliet N; Zalwango, Sarah; Nkwata, Allan K et al. (2018) Low Prevalence of Tuberculin Skin Test Boosting among Community Residents in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98:379-381
Martinez, Leonardo; Handel, Andreas; Shen, Ye et al. (2018) A Prospective Validation of a Clinical Algorithm to Detect Tuberculosis in Child Contacts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 197:1214-1216
Martinez, Leonardo; Shen, Ye; Handel, Andreas et al. (2018) Effectiveness of WHO's pragmatic screening algorithm for child contacts of tuberculosis cases in resource-constrained settings: a prospective cohort study in Uganda. Lancet Respir Med 6:276-286
Martinez, Leonardo; Shen, Ye; Mupere, Ezekiel et al. (2017) Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Households and the Community: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Epidemiol 185:1327-1339
Martinez, Leonardo; Xu, Lin; Chen, Cheng et al. (2017) Delays and Pathways to Final Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Patients from a Referral Hospital in Urban China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96:1060-1065
Mutembo, Simon; Mutanga, Jane N; Musokotwane, Kebby et al. (2016) Antiretroviral therapy improves survival among TB-HIV co-infected patients who have CD4+ T-cell count above 350cells/mm(3). BMC Infect Dis 16:572
Menzies, Nicolas A; Gomez, Gabriela B; Bozzani, Fiammetta et al. (2016) Cost-effectiveness and resource implications of aggressive action on tuberculosis in China, India, and South Africa: a combined analysis of nine models. Lancet Glob Health 4:e816-e826
Whalen, Christopher C (2016) The Replacement Principle of Tuberculosis. Why Prevention Matters. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 194:400-1
Martinez, Leonardo; Sekandi, Juliet N; Castellanos, MarĂ­a E et al. (2016) Infectiousness of HIV-Seropositive Patients with Tuberculosis in a High-Burden African Setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 194:1152-1163
Ma, Mai-Juan; Yang, Yang; Wang, Hai-Bin et al. (2015) Transmissibility of tuberculosis among school contacts: an outbreak investigation in a boarding middle school, China. Infect Genet Evol 32:148-55

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