The ability of HIV-1 to utilize the cellular machinery for nuclear entry allows the virus to infect resting CD4+ T cells and tissue macrophages, the two non-dividing cell types believed to play critical roles in HIV-1 transmission, persistence and pathogenesis. However, the precise mechanism and specific requirement of nuclear entry in HIV-1 replication remains unclear. Capsid is the major determinant for HIV-1 infection of non-dividing cells but also dictates the dependence of HIV-1 on TNPO3, a host molecule recently implicated in HIV-1 nuclear entry. Our preliminary studies found a perfect correlation between the dependence of HIV-1 capsid mutants on TNPO3 and their ability to infect non-dividing cells. The hypothesis being tested in this project is that the capsid protein regulates HIV-1 nuclear entry by assisting intracellular virus complexes in hijacking the TNPO3-dependent cellular machinery and this ability is critical for HIV-1 replication in vivo.
In Aim 1, we will determine hw the HIV-1 capsid protein determines TNPO3 usage by HIV-1 and how TNPO3 and other host factors promote HIV-1 nuclear entry. We will next define the specific requirement of this TNPO3-dependent nuclear entry for HIV-1 replication in vivo.
In Aim 2, we will study a unique case of HIV-1 capsid evolution in patients carrying the HLA-B27. Preliminary data suggests recurrent selection of TNPO3- dependent viruses in these patients.
In Aim 3, we will combine our genetic data with a well-studied macaque model of HIV-1 by using simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to directly address the importance of nuclear entry in vivo. Here we will generate and utilize TNPO3-independent SIV mutants, which either retain or lose the ability to infect non-dividing cells. Successful completion of this proposed research will help us understand the mechanism by which HIV-1 exploits the nuclear transport machinery to maximize its propagation.

Public Health Relevance

The ability of HIV-1, the causative agent of AIDS, to actively transport viral DNA into the nucleus expands its cellular range to non-dividing cell types such that HIV-1 can infect resting CD4+ T cells and tissue macrophages. The goal of this project is to determine the mechanism and role of nuclear entry in HIV-1 replication. We expect that our findings could have practical implications for the development of novel antiviral drugs targeting viral capsid protein and nuclear entry and will provide novel insights into how resting CD4+ T cells and macrophages contribute to multiple aspects of HIV-1 infection in vivo.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI100720-04
Application #
8830913
Study Section
AIDS Molecular and Cellular Biology Study Section (AMCB)
Program Officer
Kuo, Lillian S
Project Start
2012-04-01
Project End
2016-03-31
Budget Start
2015-04-01
Budget End
2016-03-31
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center
Department
Type
DUNS #
786658872
City
New York
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
10016
Yamashita, Masahiro; Engelman, Alan N (2017) Capsid-Dependent Host Factors in HIV-1 Infection. Trends Microbiol 25:741-755
Saito, Akatsuki; Ferhadian, Damien; Sowd, Gregory A et al. (2016) Roles of Capsid-Interacting Host Factors in Multimodal Inhibition of HIV-1 by PF74. J Virol 90:5808-5823
Saito, Akatsuki; Henning, Matthew S; Serrao, Erik et al. (2016) Capsid-CPSF6 Interaction Is Dispensable for HIV-1 Replication in Primary Cells but Is Selected during Virus Passage In Vivo. J Virol 90:6918-6935
Henning, Matthew S; Dubose, Brittany N; Burse, Mallori J et al. (2014) In vivo functions of CPSF6 for HIV-1 as revealed by HIV-1 capsid evolution in HLA-B27-positive subjects. PLoS Pathog 10:e1003868
Kane, Melissa; Yadav, Shalini S; Bitzegeio, Julia et al. (2013) MX2 is an interferon-induced inhibitor of HIV-1 infection. Nature 502:563-6