Malaria cases and deaths have declined significantly in sub-Saharan Africa as a result of the broad deployment of vector control and clinical management tools. These tools are being supplemented by a new generation of available strategies that are designed to reduce and possibly interrupt transmission. These transmission-reducing interventions include transmission-blocking vaccines, mass administration of endectocides (e.g. ivermectin) to undermine vector competence, adjunctive use of gametocytocides in infected individuals, and mass screen and treat programs using sensitive diagnostics. These strategies will be most efficiently employed by targeting them to human populations that are most likely to contribute to onward malaria transmission. The existence of these ?high transmitters? is suggested by the fact that, in many settings, as few as 20% of individuals suffer 80% of infections, indicating that within heterogeneous human populations, some people participate disproportionately in the continual cycle of malaria transmission. This group of transmitters is also called the malaria `infectious reservoir', and by identifying stable or modifiable risk factors for membership in this reservoir we can more efficiently target interventions to maximize their impact on reducing malaria transmission. The specific objective of this project is to directly measure, under natural conditions, which infected humans transmit malaria parasites to naturally-feeding mosquitoes and also which humans are bitten by malaria mosquito vectors. We will directly test our central hypothesis in an observational epidemiologic study of 75 households in in Webuye West, Kenya, where malaria transmission is seasonal and perennial and is transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s. l. (88%) and An. funestus (12%). Within these households, we will establish active and passive detection of malaria cases in human participants and weekly sampling of resting mosquitos in their households.
In Aim 1, we will directly record successful onward transmission events from infected people to Anopheline mosquitos by collecting live, blood-fed mosquitos in participant households, raising them for 7 days to allow parasite oocysts to develop, and genotyping parasites in order to discretely match parasites and therefore ascertain the human source of the successful transmission event.
In Aim 2, we will quantify how the human infectious reservoir is shaped by vector biting bias, which is typically non-random and highly overdispersed in human populations, using molecular fingerprinting of human DNA to directly match individual household members to human blood meals that have been ingested by mosquitoes. The results of these analyses will provide new insight into mosquito-human interactions that enhance parasite transmission and will enable us to more precisely define the human reservoir. With this understanding, we will enable better population-based estimates of transmission potential and furnish empiric support for the rational targeting of malaria control interventions.
Targeting interventions to those individuals who contribute disproportionately to malaria transmission may be the key to pushing malaria towards eradication. Understanding who gets bitten by malaria vectors and who transmits parasites to those vectors is critical to identifying this infectious reservoir, but very little is understood about what governs transmission of malaria parasites from humans to mosquitoes. This micro-scale study of the human- mosquito interaction and parasite transmission will provide a basis for identifying the most effective human transmitters, which can be translated to macro-scale programmatic interventions that maximally impact malaria transmission.
