Hereditary Multiple Exostoses (HME) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that affects about 1 in 50,000 children worldwide. HME is characterized by cartilaginous tumors called exostoses that form in perichondrial cells along the growth plates and protrude into surrounding tissues. The exostoses can thus cause skeletal deformities, compression of nerves and blood vessels, chronic pain, and become malignant in about 5% of the patients. Current therapies are limited, and patients struggle with pain and limited mobility and undergo multiple surgeries through life. Most HME patients bear a heterozygous mutation in EXT1 or EXT2 that are responsible for heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis, thus causing a partial systemic HS deficiency. The HS chains - and the proteoglycans of which they are part- regulate and distinctly modulate many processes. Notably, they interact with and stimulate signaling by fibroblast growth factors, but interact and inhibit signaling by bone morphogenetic proteins. FGFs and BMPs generally exert anti- and pro-chondrogenic roles, respectively. However, it was unclear whether HS partial decrease is sufficient for exostosis formation, whether HS loss reverses those signaling activities ?thus decreasing FGF and increasing BMP signaling-, and whether such changes induce exostosis formation. In the previous funding period, we made significant progress. We created Ext1+/-, double Ext1+/-;Ext2+/- and conditional Ext1-null mice. While single het mice were largely normal, double hets and conditional-null mice (both producing far less HS) displayed multiple exostoses and mimicked human HME. Exostosis development was preceded by local decreased levels of FGF signal transducers pMEK/pERK and increased levels of BMP signaling mediators pSmad1/5/8. In vitro studies reinforced these findings. Counter-intuitively, the HS deficiency also stimulated endogenous heparanase expression, likely enhancing chondrogenesis even further. Indeed, treatment with recombinant heparanase stimulated BMP signaling and chondrogenesis, while the heparanase inhibitor Roneparstat blocked both. Our central hypothesis is that exostosis formation is caused by: (i) a steep local deficiency in HS; (ii) decreased FGF signaling and increased BMP signaling; and (iii) a boost in chondrogenic potentials in mutant cells along the chondro-perichondrial border. We posit also that exostosis formation is preventable by drug treatment. The project will continue to provide fundamentally new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of exostosis formation and by extension on the normal functioning of these mechanisms in normal perichondrial and growth plate cells. It will also test possible therapies based on those insights and thus has strong basic research value and translational medicine implications. The number of HME patients is relatively small, but the community of their families is large. This project will thus provide a renewed sense of hope to patients and families alike that this neglected disease will continue to be actively studied and a cure may one day be found.

Public Health Relevance

Hereditary Multiple Exostoses (HME) is a serious disease that affects about 1 in 50,000 children and adolescents worldwide and is characterized by benign cartilage tumors (called exostoses or osteochondroma). HME causes growth retardation and skeletal deformities, chronic pain, limited mobility and fatigue, and is associated with life-threatening malignant transformation of the exostoses in about 5% of patients. There are no cures or effective treatments at the moment, and this project thus aims to further clarify the mechanisms of exostosis pathogenesis and test specific therapeutic treatments to prevent exostosis formation.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AR061758-10
Application #
10076547
Study Section
Skeletal Biology Development and Disease Study Section (SBDD)
Program Officer
Kirilusha, Anthony G
Project Start
2011-07-01
Project End
2021-12-31
Budget Start
2021-01-01
Budget End
2021-12-31
Support Year
10
Fiscal Year
2021
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Department
Type
DUNS #
073757627
City
Philadelphia
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
19146
Billings, Paul C; Yang, Evan; Mundy, Christina et al. (2018) Domains with highest heparan sulfate-binding affinity reside at opposite ends in BMP2/4 versus BMP5/6/7: Implications for function. J Biol Chem 293:14371-14383
Mundy, Christina; Yang, Evan; Takano, Hajime et al. (2018) Heparan sulfate antagonism alters bone morphogenetic protein signaling and receptor dynamics, suggesting a mechanism in hereditary multiple exostoses. J Biol Chem 293:7703-7716
Pacifici, Maurizio (2018) The pathogenic roles of heparan sulfate deficiency in hereditary multiple exostoses. Matrix Biol 71-72:28-39
Pacifici, Maurizio (2017) Hereditary Multiple Exostoses: New Insights into Pathogenesis, Clinical Complications, and Potential Treatments. Curr Osteoporos Rep 15:142-152
Cousminer, Diana L; Arkader, Alexandre; Voight, Benjamin F et al. (2016) Assessing the general population frequency of rare coding variants in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes previously implicated in hereditary multiple exostoses. Bone 92:196-200
Bechtold, Till E; Saunders, Cheri; Decker, Rebekah S et al. (2016) Osteophyte formation and matrix mineralization in a TMJ osteoarthritis mouse model are associated with ectopic hedgehog signaling. Matrix Biol 52-54:339-354
Bechtold, T E; Saunders, C; Mundy, C et al. (2016) Excess BMP Signaling in Heterotopic Cartilage Forming in Prg4-null TMJ Discs. J Dent Res 95:292-301
Mundy, Christina; Bello, Adebayo; Sgariglia, Federica et al. (2016) HhAntag, a Hedgehog Signaling Antagonist, Suppresses Chondrogenesis and Modulates Canonical and Non-Canonical BMP Signaling. J Cell Physiol 231:1033-44
Sgariglia, Federica; Pedrini, Elena; Bradfield, Jonathan P et al. (2015) The type 2 diabetes associated rs7903146 T allele within TCF7L2 is significantly under-represented in Hereditary Multiple Exostoses: insights into pathogenesis. Bone 72:123-7
Billings, Paul C; Pacifici, Maurizio (2015) Interactions of signaling proteins, growth factors and other proteins with heparan sulfate: mechanisms and mysteries. Connect Tissue Res 56:272-80

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