Traditionally, monocytes have been viewed as simple, inactive precursors of macrophages. However, after discoveries that blood monocytes encompass several populations, it became clear that monocytes have important independent functions within the vasculature. Nonclassical patrolling monocyte subsets (CX3CR1highLy6C- in mouse and CX3CR1highCD14dimCD16+ in humans) are distinct from the classical monocyte subsets (CCR2highLy6C+ in mouse, and CCR2highCD14+CD16- in humans) and exhibit a unique ability to actively patrol the vascular endothelium under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Although classical monocytes can differentiate into macrophages, it is unclear that nonclassical monocytes undergo this differentiation. Recently, we have found that nonclassical monocytes in circulation phagocytose intravascular tumor cells, thus defining a new and biologically important intravascular function of these monocytes. We hypothesize that a critical function of nonclassical monocytes in circulation is to detect and destroy metastasizing tumor cells in circulation. We discovered that the nuclear receptor Nr4a1 is an essential transcription factor required for the development of nonclassical monocytes. We recently found that Nr4a1-deficient mice that lack nonclassical monocytes have increased tumor seeding in vivo, and very importantly, that transfer of only nonclassical monocytes back into these Nr4a1-deficient mice to restore normal levels of patrolling monocytes in their blood prevents tumor development. Importantly, this function of nonclassical monocytes occurs quite rapidly, within hours of tumor cell infiltration into circulation. We have two specific aims to test our hypothesis Specific Aim 1 will test the hypothesis that nonclassical monocytes direct the killing of tumor cells in circulation and will identify mechanisms for how this occurs. We will test whether Ly6C- nonclassical monocytes kill tumor cells directly or whether they recruit other innate immune cells for killing. We will identify receptor mechanisms for how nonclassical monocytes recognize tumor cells.
Specific Aim 2 will test whether increasing nonclassical monocyte numbers in circulation prevents metastasis in vivo. The Nr4a1 agonist Cytosporone B increases nonclassical monocyte numbers in circulation in mice. We will administer Cytosporone B into wild-type mice to increase circulating nonclassical monocyte numbers and will ask whether directly targeting Nr4a1 in monocytes and increasing nonclassical monocyte numbers in circulation prevent tumor cell metastasis. We will also test whether CD14dim monocytes, the human monocyte functional equivalent to Ly6C- nonclassical monocytes, can ingest circulating tumor cells in vivo. These studies will define a critically important homeostatic function for nonclassical monocytes in the vasculature.
Nonclassical monocytes are white blood cells that function in blood to survey the blood vessels for dying cells and foreign pathogens. We hypothesize that one important function of nonclassical monocytes is to recognize tumor cells as foreign and clear them from the blood quickly, before they can metastasize and seed new tissues. We will test our hypothesis using established cancer models in mice. We also wish to test pharmaceutical compounds to increase nonclassical monocyte numbers in circulation to see if doing so prevents tumor metastasis. These studies will define a critically important function for nonclassical monocytes in the vasculature.
| Thomas, Graham D; Hamers, Anouk A J; Nakao, Catherine et al. (2017) Human Blood Monocyte Subsets: A New Gating Strategy Defined Using Cell Surface Markers Identified by Mass Cytometry. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 37:1548-1558 |
| Zhu, Yanfang Peipei; Thomas, Graham D; Hedrick, Catherine C (2016) 2014 Jeffrey M. Hoeg Award Lecture: Transcriptional Control of Monocyte Development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 36:1722-33 |
| Thomas, Graham D; Hanna, Richard N; Vasudevan, Neelakatan T et al. (2016) Deleting an Nr4a1 Super-Enhancer Subdomain Ablates Ly6Clow Monocytes while Preserving Macrophage Gene Function. Immunity 45:975-987 |
| Hanna, Richard N; Hedrick, Catherine C (2016) Quantification of Tumor Material Uptake. Bio Protoc 6: |
| Hanna, Richard N; Chodaczek, Grzegorz; Hedrick, Catherine C (2016) In vivo Imaging of Tumor and Immune Cell Interactions in the Lung. Bio Protoc 6: |
| Hanna, Richard N; Cekic, Caglar; Sag, Duygu et al. (2015) Patrolling monocytes control tumor metastasis to the lung. Science 350:985-90 |
