Recent preliminary evidence suggests that anabolic-androgenic steroids, drugs widely used by athletes to gain muscle mass and strength, may cause serious psychiatric effects, including manic syndromes, major depression, and psychotic symptoms. In addition, some individuals may become uncharacteristically aggressive and even commit violent crimes while exposed to steroids. Given recent studies showing widespread steroid use among American men, these effects may represent a major public health problem. The study proposed in this application seeks to replicate the investigators' uncontrolled pilot study, which found high rates of psychiatric symptoms associated with steroid use in athletes, while minimizing the methodological limitations of that earlier investigation. In the proposed study, 80 steroid users and 80 non-users will be recruited from gymnasiums in three metropolitan areas, using a recruitment process designed to minimize selection bias. Subjects will be interviewed, using an instrument refined from the investigators' pilot study, and will submit urine to be tested for both steroids and other drugs. They will also receive a physical examination, including caliper determinations of body fat, and have blood drawn for standard chemistry and hematology measures. Users and non-users will be compared on basic demographic variables, medical history of possible steroid-related violence or criminal activity. Possible predictors of steroid=associated psychopathology, such as dose and type of drugs used, presence of other drug use, and family history of psychiatric disorder, will be assessed by comparisons within the user group. Although the proposed study is naturalistic, and relies on retrospective reports by subjects, this method represents the only design capable of assessing the psychiatric effects of the very large doses of steroids used by actual athletes in the field.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DA006543-03
Application #
3213186
Study Section
Drug Abuse Clinical and Behavioral Research Review Committee (DACB)
Project Start
1990-05-01
Project End
1993-06-30
Budget Start
1992-05-01
Budget End
1993-06-30
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
1992
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, MA)
Department
Type
DUNS #
City
Belmont
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02478
Pope Jr, H G; Kouri, E M; Hudson, J I (2000) Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:133-40; discussion 155-6
Pope Jr, H G; Gruber, A J; Choi, P et al. (1997) Muscle dysmorphia. An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 38:548-57
Pope Jr, H G; Kouri, E M; Powell, K F et al. (1996) Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among 133 prisoners. Compr Psychiatry 37:322-7
Kouri, E M; Pope Jr, H G; Oliva, P S (1996) Changes in lipoprotein-lipid levels in normal men following administration of increasing doses of testosterone cypionate. Clin J Sport Med 6:152-7
Kouri, E M; Pope Jr, H G; Katz, D L et al. (1995) Fat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clin J Sport Med 5:223-8
Bond, A J; Choi, P Y; Pope Jr, H G (1995) Assessment of attentional bias and mood in users and non-users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Drug Alcohol Depend 37:241-5
Pope Jr, H G; Katz, D L (1994) Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use. A controlled study of 160 athletes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:375-82
Choi, P Y; Pope Jr, H G (1994) Violence toward women and illicit androgenic-anabolic steroid use. Ann Clin Psychiatry 6:21-5
Pope Jr, H G; Katz, D L; Hudson, J I (1993) Anorexia nervosa and ""reverse anorexia"" among 108 male bodybuilders. Compr Psychiatry 34:406-9