? Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has now reached epidemic proportions worldwide. During pre-diabetes, blood sugars rise and the risk of cardiovascular consequences, such as stroke, myocardial infarction and mortality, is already increasing by 2-4-fold. Despite this, there remains a fundamental gap in understanding how and why pre-diabetes develops. Strategies to halt or reverse T2D development require a multi-pronged approach, since the pathophysiology involves both dysfunction in pancreatic ?-cell glucose- stimulated insulin release, and in skeletal muscle (skm) glucose uptake/clearance from the circulation. Factors linked to failures in both processes are considered optimal therapeutic targets. We have identified the p21- activated kinase, PAK1, as such a factor; it is a signaling hub in both the ?-cells and skm that orchestrates multiple aspects of glucose homeostasis. PAK1 is deficient in T2D, suggesting that its loss may be a ?roadblock? that prevents normal signaling in T2D. To overcome the roadblock of PAK1 deficiency, we need to understand the mechanisms linking PAK1 to its functions in ?-cells and skm. Our long-term goal is to understand how ?-cell and skm signaling can be manipulated to prevent or reverse pre-diabetes and halt the progression to T2D. Our central hypothesis is that 1) signaling through the PAK1 hub in the ?-cell controls functional ?-cell mass to reverse HFD-induced glucose intolerance, and that 2) PAK1 signals in skm confer protection from insulin resistance and engage in tissue crosstalk to enhance ?-cell function. The rationale for the proposed research is that once these new mechanisms of the PAK1 effectors are elucidated, select signaling pathways from the PAK1 hub can be manipulated to prevent or reverse T2D. During the last funding cycle, we revealed that restoring PAK1 in T2D human islet ?-cells reverses dysfunctional insulin secretion while reducing ?-cell mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. We also showed that PAK1 enrichment in skm protects against HFD-induced glucose intolerance, and engages in tissue crosstalk to improve ?-cell function. Our provocative new preliminary data also indicate which PAK1 effectors carry out these essential functions. Therefore, the objective of this application is to test these candidate mechanisms linking PAK1 effector enrichment and protection of ?-cells and skm from diabetogenic stress and to evaluate candidate PAK1 effector enrichment therapeutics. We will use our inducible tissue-specific mouse models and human tissues/cells for these studies.
In Aim 1, we will identify how the PAK1 effectors restore ?-cell function;
in Aim 2, we will elucidate the mechanism(s) by which PAK1-effectors protect ?-cell mass;
in Aim 3, we will discern the mechanisms by which skm PAK1 contributes to peripheral insulin sensitivity and ?-cell health. We will use innovative molecular tools to test novel hypotheses about these PAK1 effector actions in the context of a translation-focused institutional environment at City of Hope. This work will positively impact diabetes research by evaluating a promising candidate strategy to reverse pre-diabetes and halt progression to T2D and by uncovering novel mechanisms of glucose homeostasis.

Public Health Relevance

The research described in the current proposal is highly pertinent to public health because the discovery of factors that restore and/or prevent conversion to hyperglycemia will provide new therapeutic targets to ameliorate pre-diabetes. The current research proposal and the knowledge gained and mechanical details dissected fits the purview of NIDDK?s mission to reduce burden of diabetes.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01DK102233-05
Application #
10155148
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1)
Program Officer
Silva, Corinne M
Project Start
2014-09-12
Project End
2024-11-30
Budget Start
2020-12-03
Budget End
2021-11-30
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2021
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Beckman Research Institute/City of Hope
Department
Type
DUNS #
027176833
City
Duarte
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
91010
Aslamy, Arianne; Oh, Eunjin; Olson, Erika M et al. (2018) Doc2b Protects ?-Cells Against Inflammatory Damage and Enhances Function. Diabetes 67:1332-1344
Salunkhe, Vishal A; Veluthakal, Rajakrishnan; Kahn, Steven E et al. (2018) Novel approaches to restore beta cell function in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 61:1895-1901
Oh, Eunjin; Ahn, Miwon; Afelik, Solomon et al. (2018) Syntaxin 4 Expression in Pancreatic ?-Cells Promotes Islet Function and Protects Functional ?-Cell Mass. Diabetes 67:2626-2639
Veluthakal, Rajakrishnan; Chepurny, Oleg G; Leech, Colin A et al. (2018) Restoration of Glucose-Stimulated Cdc42-Pak1 Activation and Insulin Secretion by a Selective Epac Activator in Type 2 Diabetic Human Islets. Diabetes 67:1999-2011
Aslamy, Arianne; Oh, Eunjin; Ahn, Miwon et al. (2018) Exocytosis Protein DOC2B as a Biomarker of Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 103:1966-1976
Ocaña, Gail J; Pérez, Liliana; Guindon, Lynette et al. (2017) Inflammatory stress of pancreatic beta cells drives release of extracellular heat-shock protein 90?. Immunology 151:198-210
Tunduguru, Ragadeepthi; Thurmond, Debbie C (2017) Promoting Glucose Transporter-4 Vesicle Trafficking along Cytoskeletal Tracks: PAK-Ing Them Out. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 8:329
Tunduguru, Ragadeepthi; Zhang, Jing; Aslamy, Arianne et al. (2017) The actin-related p41ARC subunit contributes to p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1)-mediated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem 292:19034-19043
Aslamy, Arianne; Thurmond, Debbie C (2017) Exocytosis proteins as novel targets for diabetes prevention and/or remediation? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 312:R739-R752
Ahn, Miwon; Yoder, Stephanie M; Wang, Zhanxiang et al. (2016) The p21-activated kinase (PAK1) is involved in diet-induced beta cell mass expansion and survival in mice and human islets. Diabetologia 59:2145-55

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