Lead is a pervasive and potent neurotoxicant that produces persistent, concentration-dependent retinal, visual-motor, auditory and cognitive deficits in man and animals following exposure during development and adulthood. Approximately 2 million young children in the USA have blood [Pb] equal to or >10 mu g/dL, the currently accepted """"""""safe"""""""" level, and millions more have levels of 2.5-10 mu g/dL, which place them at risk for these adverse health effects. Postnatal blood [Pb] equal to or >20 mu g/dL produce SUBNORMAL rod-mediated electroretinograms (ERGs). In contrast, recent results reveal that 7-10 year old children with low-level (blood [Pb] from 4-14 mu g/dL) gestational and continuous postnatal lead exposure have unique SUPERNORMAL rodmediated ERGs characterized by increases in a-wave amplitude, b-wave amplitude and sensitivity. The overall objective of this research is to determine the sites and molecular mechanisms underlying ERG supernormality in children exposed to low-level lead during gestation. We developed a new rat model of lowlevel gestational lead exposure (blood [Pb] of 8-12 mu g/dL) that produces similar persistent supernormal rodmediated ERGs in adult rats. The proposed studies are designed to test the hypothesis that lead exposure during perinatal development produces ERG supernormality by altering the primary mechanism underlying the rod photoreceptor a-wave rod cGMP hydrolysis - and by altering the dopaminergic-modulated input underlying the b-wave amplitude and sensitivity. Specifically, we will determine whether perinatal lead exposure: 1) causes persistent supernormal ERG a- and b-waves by independent changes in rods and inner retinal neurons, respectively, 2) decreases the steady-state rate of rod cGMP hydrolysis by inhibiting the binding of any of the critical transcription factors to the rod cGMP phosphodiesterase beta-subunit promoter, and 3) produces TNF-alpha-mediated apoptotic cell death and dysfunction of dopaminergic retinal neurons resulting from the elevated retinal TNF-alpha levels measured following low-level perinatal lead exposure in rats. The results from these functional (ERG), biochemical, molecular and immunocytochemical studies will: 1) determine the mechanisms underlying the rod-mediated ERG supernormality, 2) establish the critical period of retinal (neural) vulnerability during gestational development and 3) provide essential neurotoxicity data on low-levels of lead exposure that is of increasing scientific and regulatory concern.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
3R01ES012482-05S1
Application #
7813406
Study Section
Alcohol and Toxicology Subcommittee 4 (ALTX)
Program Officer
Kirshner, Annette G
Project Start
2003-07-07
Project End
2010-02-28
Budget Start
2007-06-15
Budget End
2010-02-28
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2009
Total Cost
$75,000
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Houston
Department
Type
Schools of Optometry/Ophthalmol
DUNS #
036837920
City
Houston
State
TX
Country
United States
Zip Code
77204
Chaney, Shawnta Y; Mukherjee, Shradha; Giddabasappa, Anand et al. (2016) Increased proliferation of late-born retinal progenitor cells by gestational lead exposure delays rod and bipolar cell differentiation. Mol Vis 22:1468-1489
Rueda, Elda M; Johnson Jr, Jerry E; Giddabasappa, Anand et al. (2016) The cellular and compartmental profile of mouse retinal glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and ~P transferring kinases. Mol Vis 22:847-85
Foster, William J; Meen, James K; Fox, Donald A (2013) The effect of physiologic aqueous solutions on the perovskite material lead-lanthanum-zirconium titanate (PLZT): potential retinotoxicity. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 32:18-22
Ahmedli, Novruz B; Gribanova, Yekaterina; Njoku, Collins C et al. (2013) Dynamics of the rhomboid-like protein RHBDD2 expression in mouse retina and involvement of its human ortholog in retinitis pigmentosa. J Biol Chem 288:9742-54
Fox, Donald A; Grandjean, Philippe; de Groot, Didima et al. (2012) Developmental origins of adult diseases and neurotoxicity: epidemiological and experimental studies. Neurotoxicology 33:810-6
Perkins, Guy A; Scott, Ray; Perez, Alex et al. (2012) Bcl-xL-mediated remodeling of rod and cone synaptic mitochondria after postnatal lead exposure: electron microscopy, tomography and oxygen consumption. Mol Vis 18:3029-48
Giddabasappa, Anand; Hamilton, W Ryan; Chaney, Shawntay et al. (2011) Low-level gestational lead exposure increases retinal progenitor cell proliferation and rod photoreceptor and bipolar cell neurogenesis in mice. Environ Health Perspect 119:71-7
Fox, Donald A; Hamilton, W Ryan; Johnson, Jerry E et al. (2011) Gestational lead exposure selectively decreases retinal dopamine amacrine cells and dopamine content in adult mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 256:258-67
Fox, Donald A; Opanashuk, Lisa; Zharkovsky, Aleksander et al. (2010) Gene-chemical interactions in the developing mammalian nervous system: Effects on proliferation, neurogenesis and differentiation. Neurotoxicology 31:589-97
Fox, Donald A; Kala, Subbarao V; Hamilton, W Ryan et al. (2008) Low-level human equivalent gestational lead exposure produces supernormal scotopic electroretinograms, increased retinal neurogenesis, and decreased retinal dopamine utilization in rats. Environ Health Perspect 116:618-25

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