N3-methyladenine (3mA) and 1,N6-ethenoadenine (eA) are two DNA base modifications produced from exposure to environmental genotoxic agents, cellular metabolites, and anti-cancer drugs. 3mA lesions are highly cytotoxic owing to their inhibition of DNA synthesis by polymerases, and this cytotoxicity is a rationale for the use of alkylating agents in cancer chemotherapy. eA, which is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, is highly mutagenic and can lead to genomic instability and cancer. Two different, partially redundant enzymatic activities have evolved for these two specific lesions: i) oxidative demethylation by DNA dioxygenases and ii) base excision repair by DNA glycosylases. The precise determinants for the specificity and catalysis of these enzymes toward 3mA and eA remain unclear. We seek to fill this critical gap in knowledge by a unique integration of directed evolution and structural biology methods in order to obtain a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of 3mA and eA selection and catalysis by human ABH2 dioxygenase (Aim 1) and the yeast family of MAG 3mA glycosylases (Aim 2). This work capitalizes on the convergent evolution observed between the two repair systems, and is based on our preliminary results that have identified ABH2 mutants with the capacity to protect cells from 3mA toxicity. We will test the hypothesis that ABH2 repair of 3mA, unlike that of other known substrates, involves excision and further processing by base excision repair. Our general approach for each aim is to i) identify residues important for substrate discrimination using directed evolution under selective alkylation pressure, ii) determine crystal structures of ABH2 and MAG proteins in complex with 3mA- and eA-DNA, and iii) test the contribution of individual residues toward 3mA and eA specificity and repair. These studies will provide novel insight into how these enzymes determine the fate of cytotoxic and mutagenic lesions toward a particular repair pathway. In addition, in Aim 1 we probe the translational implications of our ABH2 mutants for cancer treatment with methylating agents using a mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cell tissue culture model. Our studies have at least three direct clinical implications. First, etheno-DNA adducts likely play a role in the etiology of cancer associated with chronic inflammation, and thus results on eA repair may provide new ways to determine the risk of cancer in patients suffering from chronic inflammatory conditions. Second, our 3mA-protecting ABH2 mutants have direct implications for understanding the origins of resistance to therapy with methylating agents in tumors and for the design of new chemotherapeutic approaches involving bone marrow protection. Third, our structure-function studies on 3mA glycosylase repair are a necessary first step for the design of small molecule inhibitors as a way to enhance the cytotoxicity of methylating agents.
N3-methyladenine (3mA) and 1,N6-ethenoadenine (eA) are two DNA base modifications produced from exposure to environmental genotoxic agents, normal cell metabolism, and cancer chemotherapy. The cytotoxicity of 3mA is one of the bases for action by chemotherapeutic methylating agents and the mutagenicity of eA, which is produced under prooxidant conditions such as inflammation, can lead to genetic instability and cancer. The goal of this project is to gain detailed mechanistic understanding of enzymatic repair of 3mA and eA repair. These results will lay the foundation for new strategies aimed at improved methylation chemotherapeutics and at determining the risk of cancer in chronic inflammatory conditions.
| Shi, Rongxin; Mullins, Elwood A; Shen, Xing-Xing et al. (2018) Selective base excision repair of DNA damage by the non-base-flipping DNA glycosylase AlkC. EMBO J 37:63-74 |
| Standley, Melissa; Allen, Jennifer; Cervantes, Layla et al. (2017) Fluorescence-Based Reporters for Detection of Mutagenesis in E. coli. Methods Enzymol 591:159-186 |
| Mullins, Elwood A; Shi, Rongxin; Eichman, Brandt F (2017) Toxicity and repair of DNA adducts produced by the natural product yatakemycin. Nat Chem Biol 13:1002-1008 |
| Mullins, Elwood A; Warren, Garrett M; Bradley, Noah P et al. (2017) Structure of a DNA glycosylase that unhooks interstrand cross-links. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:4400-4405 |
| Parsons, Zachary D; Bland, Joshua M; Mullins, Elwood A et al. (2016) A Catalytic Role for C-H/? Interactions in Base Excision Repair by Bacillus cereus DNA Glycosylase AlkD. J Am Chem Soc 138:11485-8 |
| Lilly, Joshua; Camps, Manel (2015) Mechanisms of Theta Plasmid Replication. Microbiol Spectr 3: |
| Mullins, Elwood A; Shi, Rongxin; Parsons, Zachary D et al. (2015) The DNA glycosylase AlkD uses a non-base-flipping mechanism to excise bulky lesions. Nature 527:254-8 |
| Szulik, Marta W; Pallan, Pradeep S; Nocek, Boguslaw et al. (2015) Differential stabilities and sequence-dependent base pair opening dynamics of Watson-Crick base pairs with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, or 5-carboxylcytosine. Biochemistry 54:1294-305 |
| Lilly, Joshua; Camps, Manel (2015) Mechanisms of Theta Plasmid Replication. Microbiol Spectr 3:PLAS-0029-2014 |
| Brooks, Sonja C; Fischer, Robert L; Huh, Jin Hoe et al. (2014) 5-methylcytosine recognition by Arabidopsis thaliana DNA glycosylases DEMETER and DML3. Biochemistry 53:2525-32 |
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