The causes of male and female infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes are not well understood, but likely arise as a complex interplay of environmental and lifestyle factors evident at the population level. Etiologic factors may include exposure to a wide range of synthetic chemicals that have become ubiquitous and as such result in widespread general population exposure. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that a majority of the U.S. population, including men and women of reproductive age, are exposed to the flame retardants known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). While PBDEs are the flame retardants that have received the most attention to date, their use is being phased out in the U.S. and other countries. Although PBDEs will continue to be a public health concern for decades to come due to their presence in existing consumer products and their high level of persistence, there is an urgent need to also consider other flame retardants that are increasingly being used as alternatives to PBDEs. Despite evidence from experimental studies that PBDEs and some of their alternatives are developmental and reproductive toxicants, there are limited human studies on the potential health risks of PBDEs and no human studies on their alternatives. We propose to leverage our ongoing prospective preconception cohort study (ES009718) by extending recruitment to sufficiently power the exploration of the effect of maternal and paternal exposure to FRs on pregnancy outcomes and to also explore the joint effects (maternal-paternal interactions) on pregnancy outcomes. The study is innovative because we have access to both pre- and peri-conception maternal and paternal measures of exposure and couple level clinical outcome data. We propose to use in vitro fertilization (IVF) as a model to study the impact of flame retardants on early human development and pregnancy. IVF provides epidemiologists with novel and unique opportunities to study early development and pre-clinical pregnancy loss. These early endpoints are not observable in women conceiving naturally, but are of high importance as they represent the majority of failures of pregnancy among all women and are considered more sensitive to environmental chemicals than later pregnancy endpoints. In the proposed study, we will measure not only PBDEs, but will apply new and novel biomarkers of exposure for their replacements, including components of Firemaster 550 and organophosphate flame retardants.
The specific aims are to explore both the maternal and paternal effects of flame retardants, as well as their joint effects on clinical pregnancy outcomes. Clinical outcomes of interest include oocyte fertilization, implantation failure, pregnancy loss and live birth. As shown in our preliminary data, there is widespread exposure of our cohort to PBDEs and alternative flame retardants, measured using novel analytical methods developed by our research team. Furthermore, in our preliminary data, we report suggestive associations of flame retardants with reproductive outcomes that although intriguing were within small datasets and need to be expanded to the full cohort study through the proposed application.

Public Health Relevance

There is evidence over the last several decades of a decline in human fertility that coincided with the increase in widespread human exposure to synthetic chemicals. Flame retardants are a class of widely used chemicals that have been shown to adversely affect fertility in experimental animals. The proposed study is designed to determine the impact of flame retardants on both the maternal and paternal contribution to a healthy pregnancy.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01ES022955-04
Application #
9230838
Study Section
Infectious Diseases, Reproductive Health, Asthma and Pulmonary Conditions Study Section (IRAP)
Program Officer
Boyles, Abee
Project Start
2014-06-10
Project End
2019-02-28
Budget Start
2017-03-01
Budget End
2018-02-28
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
$533,227
Indirect Cost
$135,136
Name
Harvard University
Department
Public Health & Prev Medicine
Type
Schools of Public Health
DUNS #
149617367
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02115
Ingle, Mary E; Mínguez-Alarcón, Lidia; Carignan, Courtney C et al. (2018) The association between urinary concentrations of phosphorous-containing flame retardant metabolites and semen parameters among men from a fertility clinic. Int J Hyg Environ Health 221:809-815
Carignan, Courtney C; Mínguez-Alarcón, Lidia; Williams, Paige L et al. (2018) Paternal urinary concentrations of organophosphate flame retardant metabolites, fertility measures, and pregnancy outcomes among couples undergoing in vitro fertilization. Environ Int 111:232-238
Mínguez-Alarcón, Lidia; Afeiche, Myriam C; Williams, Paige L et al. (2018) Hair mercury (Hg) levels, fish consumption and semen parameters among men attending a fertility center. Int J Hyg Environ Health 221:174-182
Chiu, Yu-Han; Williams, Paige L; Gillman, Matthew W et al. (2018) Association Between Pesticide Residue Intake From Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables and Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women Undergoing Infertility Treatment With Assisted Reproductive Technology. JAMA Intern Med 178:17-26
Chiu, Yu-Han; Williams, Paige L; Mínguez-Alarcón, Lidia et al. (2018) Comparison of questionnaire-based estimation of pesticide residue intake from fruits and vegetables with urinary concentrations of pesticide biomarkers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 28:31-39
Mínguez-Alarcón, Lidia; Williams, Paige L; Chiu, Yu-Han et al. (2018) Secular trends in semen parameters among men attending a fertility center between 2000 and 2017: Identifying potential predictors. Environ Int 121:1297-1303
Mustieles, Vicente; Mínguez-Alarcón, Lidia; Christou, George et al. (2018) Placental weight in relation to maternal and paternal preconception and prenatal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among subfertile couples. Environ Res 169:272-279
Messerlian, Carmen; Williams, Paige L; Ford, Jennifer B et al. (2018) The Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study: A Prospective Preconception Cohort. Hum Reprod Open 2018:
Gaskins, Audrey J; Hart, Jaime E; Mínguez-Alarcón, Lidia et al. (2018) Residential proximity to major roadways and traffic in relation to outcomes of in vitro fertilization. Environ Int 115:239-246
Nassan, Feiby L; Williams, Paige L; Gaskins, Audrey J et al. (2018) Correlation and temporal variability of urinary biomarkers of chemicals among couples: Implications for reproductive epidemiological studies. Environ Int 123:181-188

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