This proposal aims to define the mechanisms by which Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus form both mono-species and mixed-species biofilms, focusing on the cell wall-anchored proteins Aap and SasG. This application builds on the previously funded R01 project in which we defined the structural basis for Zn2+- mediated dimerization of the adhesive B-repeat region of Aap and the determinants for stability of this unusual protein fold. We also showed that Aap contains two B-repeat subtypes with distinct assembly and stability characteristics, allowing us to decipher an `assembly code' for intercellular adhesion in staphylococcal biofilms. Importantly, we have demonstrated that Aap is a multi-functional adhesion protein. In its full-length, auto- inhibited form, it mediates adhesion to host cells, but after proteolytic processing, the inhibition is released and the intercellular adhesion region is unmasked. Aap is capable of two assembly modes: reversible oligomerization (similar to that observed in our crystal structures) and formation of amyloid-like fibrils that are resistant to environmental stresses. Furthermore, recent reports indicate that Aap is capable of heterophilic interactions with other biofilm proteins such as small basic protein (SBP) and the Aap ortholog from S. aureus, SasG. We have shown that S. epidermidis and S. aureus can form robust, synergistic mixed-species biofilms that have important implications for a number of disease states. The goal of this application is to broadly characterize the reversible self-assembly modes and heterophilic interactions involving Aap; the irreversible assembly of Aap into the functional amyloid state; and the mechanism for auto-inhibition that governs the switch between host attachment and intercellular adhesion in the nascent biofilm. We are collaborating with a leader in the field of staphylococcal genetics to express full-length Aap variants on the S. epidermidis cell surface. We will use these strains expressing Aap variants to explicitly test the relative contribution of reversible Aap assembly and amyloid fibril formation in biofilm growth, as well as the role of heterophilic assembly events involving SBP and SasG in the formation of mono-species and mixed-species biofilms. We will test each strain under low- and high-shear conditions in a new flow cell apparatus to mimic biofilms that form in blood vessels or catheters. Relevance: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a major cause of patient morbidity and mortality; a recent CDC report estimated that HAIs cause 75,000 deaths annually in the United States. Staphylococci are the most common infective agents in HAIs. The propensity of Staphylococci to form biofilms?specialized surface-adherent colonies that are resistant to antibiotics?leads to recurrent, hard-to-treat infections. The proposed research will provide insights into how staphylococcal cells are anchored to one another in the biofilm and aid in the development of targeted approaches for antimicrobial therapy.

Public Health Relevance

Biofilms are communities of bacteria that attach to surfaces and become highly resistant to antibiotics or immune responses; biofilms can cause recurrent, hard-to-treat infections, particularly with implanted medical devices. In this project we will continue our studies investigating how protein `ropes' hold Staphylococcus cells together in a biofilm and the conditions under which they form. The results from this research will provide new approaches for preventing biofilm formation or potentially reversing pre-formed biofilms. 1

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM094363-07
Application #
9769766
Study Section
Macromolecular Structure and Function B Study Section (MSFB)
Program Officer
Gaillard, Shawn R
Project Start
2011-09-01
Project End
2022-06-30
Budget Start
2019-07-01
Budget End
2020-06-30
Support Year
7
Fiscal Year
2019
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Department
Type
DUNS #
071284913
City
Cincinnati
State
OH
Country
United States
Zip Code
45229
Lattwein, Kirby R; Shekhar, Himanshu; van Wamel, Willem J B et al. (2018) An in vitro proof-of-principle study of sonobactericide. Sci Rep 8:3411
Chaton, Catherine T; Herr, Andrew B (2017) Defining the metal specificity of a multifunctional biofilm adhesion protein. Protein Sci 26:1964-1973
Gonzalez, Tammy; Biagini Myers, Jocelyn M; Herr, Andrew B et al. (2017) Staphylococcal Biofilms in Atopic Dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 17:81
Yarawsky, Alexander E; English, Lance R; Whitten, Steven T et al. (2017) The Proline/Glycine-Rich Region of the Biofilm Adhesion Protein Aap Forms an Extended Stalk that Resists Compaction. J Mol Biol 429:261-279
Shelton, Catherine L; Conrady, Deborah G; Herr, Andrew B (2017) Functional consequences of B-repeat sequence variation in the staphylococcal biofilm protein Aap: deciphering the assembly code. Biochem J 474:427-443
Chaton, Catherine T; Herr, Andrew B (2015) Elucidating Complicated Assembling Systems in Biology Using Size-and-Shape Analysis of Sedimentation Velocity Data. Methods Enzymol 562:187-204
Zhao, Huaying; Ghirlando, Rodolfo; Alfonso, Carlos et al. (2015) A multilaboratory comparison of calibration accuracy and the performance of external references in analytical ultracentrifugation. PLoS One 10:e0126420
Conrady, Deborah G; Wilson, Jeffrey J; Herr, Andrew B (2013) Structural basis for Zn2+-dependent intercellular adhesion in staphylococcal biofilms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:E202-11